Business Report Senior Accountant Working For Cape Tisbe...

1.0 Introduction I am a senior accountant working for Cape Tisbe International (CTI) and am writing this business report to the Board concerning the issue of a large amount of money ($4 million) that has been paid to a PNG government minister as â€Å"Consulting Fees† recently. In this report, I intend to identify the fact, the issues needed to be tackled regarding this payment, and then discuss the possible consequences derived from these â€Å"Consulting Fees†, subsequently I will offer some plausible recommendations in coping with this issue in a short and long-run global expansion, and lastly I would like to discusss the appropriate ways to handle business globally in the foreseeable future. 2.0 Background A year ago, CTI signed a contract for farm machinery, worth $25 million, with Papua New Guinea(PNG). Recently, however, when I was conducting the annual internal audit, I have discovered some financial issues associated with this signed contract. As soon as I found something wrong with the transaction records I communicated with George but his answer has not addressed my confusion and concerns. Soon after that I had a chat with my boss Gareth, and failed to gain a satisfied answer again. After the conversation with both of them, thus, I decided to dig it a bit further. Now I have discovered that the actual sales revenue of the contract was $21 million due to around $4 million that has been paid to a PNG government minister as â€Å"Consulting Fees†. Apparently, Geroge andShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of A Great Amount Of Money $ 4 Million2269 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction I am a senior accountant working for Cape Tisbe International (CTI) and am writing this business report concerning the issue of a great amount of money $4 million that has been paid to a PNG government minister as â€Å"Consulting Fees† recently. In this report, I would like to identify the fact , the issues needed to be tackled, and then discuss the possible consequences derived from those issues, subsequently I will offer some plausible solutions in tackling this issue in a long-runRead MoreI Am A Senior Accountant Working For Cape Tisbe International2423 Words   |  10 Pages I am a senior accountant working for Cape Tisbe International (CTI) and am writing this business report concerning the issue of a great amount of money ($4 million) that has been paid to a PNG government minister as â€Å"Consulting Fees† recently. In this report, I would like to identify the fact , the issues needed to be tackled regarding this payment, and then discuss the possible consequences derived from these â€Å"Consulting Fees†, subsequently I will offer some plausible solutions in coping with this

Humanist Theory in Education - 3751 Words

Outline four (4) principles of one the following theory of learning. Humanistic Explain, using appropriate classroom examples, how you would apply your understanding of the theory outlined, in implementing four (4) central task of teaching in your classroom. Shavon Benjamin SJ116545 2B St Joseph’s Teachers’ College Strategies of Teaching Learning Mrs. Francis April 8, 2013 Humanism There are many different theories of how people learn and in considering their application to how students learn and how teachers teach; educational programmes must be of holistic value. Learning according to the humanistic theory speaks to the holistic value that must be communicated through the process of acquiring new†¦show more content†¦The student-centred approach as a part of the humanistic theory allows students to be active participants in discovering new information in a creative and independent way. As a means of student-centeredness students participate in group activities, especially co-operative learning, in order to develop social and affective skills. Collectively, theorists responsible for the shift from teacher-centred to students-centred learning believe that through student centeredness an important goal of the humanistic theory – emotional support – will be offered to each student. The student centred approach aims at supporting individual ity and diversity by finding the similarities among children (Thompson, n.d.). The main idea behind the student-centred approach to learning is to make learning meaningful to students’ lives, needs and interest. An example of this would be a teacher teaching students about the body’s control, and starts the lesson by asking â€Å"what are the different body activities that the brain controls† (Students’ answer may include: hearing, touching, thinking, breathing, tasting, talking†¦). This approach, as a way of addressing students’ learning need example uses their experience to aid learning as the lesson progresses, the teacher monitors conversation and participation in discussion and/or activities to encourage students’ interest by making connections to their lives and also satisfies his/her teaching goals in the interim. According to Maslow’s perspectiveShow MoreRelatedbehaviorism vs humanism1043 Words   |  5 Pagesvs. Humanism Behaviorism and humanism are two theories of learning. Both theories are very important, and have many good qualities, which makes it difficult to say that one is better than the other. When it comes to learning, behaviorism does not consider mental processes, rather it looks at our response to stimuli in our environment. Whereas, humanism sees learning as personal, and is dependent on each individual self. Even though the two theories seem completely opposite of each other, thereRead MoreEssay Development and Diversity1006 Words   |  5 Pagesexplain the main components of the humanist theory. Two American psychologists, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers paved the way for this new approach to understanding personality and improving the overall satisfaction of individuals. Next, I will show how the humanist theory is used in the classroom and what problems are possible. Finally, a 3rd grade learning activity that uses some aspect of the humanist theory will be outlined. Humanist Theory Humanistic theory deals with the whole person, by focusingRead MoreBehaviour Management Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will compare and contrast two theories of behaviour management by Carl Rogers and BF Skinner and argue ways in which one of these theories could be implemented for a particular context and practice. Roger’s theory is based on a humanistic approach, while Skinner’s theory takes a behaviourist approach; each theory has both benefits and shortcomings. Their views form opposite ends of the learning spectrum. These theories will be examined as their respective works address the underlying issueRead More Humanism Essay example1241 Words   |  5 PagesHumanism and Literature Humanists searched for wisdom from the past.   They copied the lifestyles of the ancient Greeks and Romans.   They also traced their families back to the days of the ancient Romans. They endeavored on archaeological expeditions to recover ancient manuscripts, statues and monuments so that they may better understand human nature.   The Christian humanists, however, were sometimes skeptical as to the authority of the ancient writers.   Medieval humanists accepted pagan and classicalRead MoreNorthern Humanist Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Northern Humanists were firm believers in higher education. Yet, they were also very critical of the way it was carried it out. Analyze their main criticisms of higher education and learning. The Northern Humanists are strong believers in higher education.   They differed from the more Italian approach; The Northerners emphasized education across a broader band of society, not just a more scholarly yet secluded class of intellectuals.   Somewhat oddly, the study of the ancientRead MoreThe Key Assumptions Of The Behaviourist School Of Thought1452 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance of the behaviourist perspective is the development of competencies and demonstrating technical or psychomotor skills. Van Vonderen (2004). It is also important when a change in behaviour is the expected outcome of learning. In addition, in an education setting, it is pertinent that students are given feedback even for incorrect concepts in line with the principle of contiguity that is, the feedback should be given immediately after performance of behaviour. Hewson and Little (1998). Viewing howRead More The Impact of Education on the Renaissance Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesThe gigantic effect that education had on Renaissance society was greatly stimulated by the new development of humanism. Humanism was responsible for the curiosity of many intellects during the Renaissance, which ultimately led to the discoveries and developments that made the Renaissance such a remarkable time. It proposed a different way of thinking, unprecedented by scholars. Without humanism and the educational interest that it brought about, the Renaissance would not be known as the explosionRead MoreUnit 502 Task A1145 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyse some of the theories, principles and models in education and training. I will report on how these can be applied, and how they can enable inclusive learning, through exploring my own research. The report will also show how learners preferences should be taken into account as per of inclusive teaching and learning. A – Analyse theories, principles and models of learning and models of learning preferences Wilson, L (2014) has shown that there are three main schools of theory: The BehaviouristRead MoreLearning Theories, Motivation And Engagement Constructivism And Humanist Approach1667 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment and draw on a range of different perspectives on theories and perspectives used in Early Childhood Learning Framework. Different theories about early childhood inform approaches to learning and development. â€Å" Early childhood educators draw upon a range of perspectives in their work †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (EYLF p.11). In this essay there will be three learning theories explained; behavioural views of learning, motivation and Engagement constructivism and humanist approach to learning. The viewpoints that will be explainedRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs982 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Maslow was one of the most influential and important educational psychologists and is recognized by many for his theory on mankind’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s theory which is known as â€Å"Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs† is best e xplained as a pyramid of needs that we as humans must meet in order to progress to another stage of needs. There are five stages in the pyramid of needs and they go as follows: physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and finally self-actualization. Maslow

Pride And The Prejudice By Jane Austen - 1256 Words

As I started reading the book of Pride and the Prejudice, I have noticed that money is the desire that leaves no individual standing behind the person who is hypnotized by his or her wealth. First of all: External meaning, money in the wrong way could demolish the person or dignity and individuality. In general, if someone who just has become wealthy tends to believe that he or she is in power, thinking that they do not need any respect or sympathy towards the people who are not so wealthy. In the novel the social had a great impact among the characters. All of the English society in Jane Austen’s time and in her books everything was based upon the social classes. The Bennet’s are not so poor, yet they are not wealthy and they are about†¦show more content†¦But the title cuts their both ways. Austen, for the time being, poses a countless barriers between Elizabeth and Darcy, including Lady Catherine who was trying to control on her nephew’s marriage. Mr. Bingley’s arrogance, Mrs. Bennet’s insanity and Wickham’s being dishonest and accused of fraud. In each one of those cases, apprehensions about social connections, or the desire for having a better social connections does interfere with the love of Darcy and Elizabeth realization of a mutual and tender love seems to indicate that Austen perspective of love as something independent of these social forces, as something that can be conquered if only an individual is able to get away the wrapping effect of their social society. When Darcy meets Elizabeth, at first he is very resisted by his feeling whether he likes her or doesn’t like her based on her social wealth and Elizabeth family is not only the rather common but not wealthy as well. Moreover, they have no spectacular family connections either. Technically, Elizabeth is not allowed to be Darcy’s wife because Darcy is far above her on the social ranking. Another Example of the social class controlling character in the novel, is Mr. Collins who’s constant flattering all over Lady Catherine Debourgh At that time, owned a land or going to own a land and not having money was the single most important standard which committed the social status of each individual. Lady Catherine tries so hard to discourage

The Problem Of Single Parent Families Essay - 1887 Words

Single parent families are families in which there is only one parent due to some circumstances and many reasons. The loss of a parent resulting from divorce, death or departure from the family, there children, as the loss of influence and control. Whether it s fate or parental choice, but their life radically changes. Reaction to this change — the desire to balance the situation, to regain control, trying to restore it in such a way that, though sometimes a single parent and goes out to meet them, yet is compelled to resist. Sensing his parents divorce as a manifestation of selfishness, the child, in turn, also began to delve into their own interests. Population census in 2016 showed that â€Å"every 3.2 per 1,000 population of USA ends with a divorce† (National Center for Health Statistics, 2016). One of the problems of modern society is the lack of understanding between this generation and the past, or between parents and children. This situation is arising becaus e of the different perceptions of life. Hence, for the single parents, it is doubly more difficult to find a common language with the child, when there is no support to parent. In fact, in non-traditional families are often observed heavy atmosphere, bad mood of family members, and the abandonment of children to talk with their parents. Kids hurt on the fate, so begin to blame all the troubles themselves or the parent who isn t with them or the parent who nearby. In many cases, this situation results inShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of A Single Parent Families Of The White Bone By Barbara Gowdy, Mud1356 Words   |  6 Pagesand successful singer, songwriter, actress, and also, single mother. However, unlike Madonna, many single mothers are struggling to raise their children and also finding time for themselves. This has been a very common and reoccurring problem in Canada. â€Å"About 8 in 10 lone-parent families were female lone-parent families in 2011, accounting for 12.8% of all c ensus families, while male lone-parent families represented 3.5% of all census families.† (Statistics Canada, 2011) In The White Bone by BarbaraRead MoreThe New Nuclear Family: Problems Benefits in Single Parenthood804 Words   |  4 PagesFamilies supported by single parenthood are no longer viewed as nontraditional. Becoming apart of the social norm, 27% of the families in the United States are headed by only one single parent. As more single-parent families begin to emerge in North America, the public brings concern to examine the outcomes of these households for the wellbeing of children. Overall, financial difficulties and possible negative effects for children are two main issues of single-parenthood. However, a number positiveRead MoreThe Impact Of Family Formation Change On The Cognitive, Social, And Emotional Well Being Of The Next Generation1031 Words   |  5 PagesAmato, P. R. (2005). The impact of family formation change on the cognitive, social, and emotional well-being of the next generation. Journal of Marriage and Child Wellbeing, 15 (2), 75-90. Retrieved from: www.futureofchildren.org. This journal explains that researchers, such as Amato, have several theories that explain why and how children growing up with single parents have an elevated risk of experiencing problems. Some of these problems include cognitive thinking, social interaction and theRead MoreSingle Parent Homes Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pages Single Parent Homes A single parent is one who is living without a spouse and/or partner. This individual takes on all of the daily responsibilities that comes with raising a child(ren). Furthermore, consider the single parent the one who provides solely for the child as they are the ones with them most of the time throughout the stint of their entire life. Even when discussing the separation of parents and/or divorce, children live with one parent who is also known as the custodial parent. WhileRead MoreThe Impact Of Single Parenting On Children1494 Words   |  6 Pages This paper explains the impact of single parenting on children in the Unites States .Over the years the â€Å"normal family† form has changed due to the increase in the numbers of children born outside of marriages and the increase in divorce rates. Now many children live in households other than the two-parent household. Single-parenting is the lifestyle chosen by many parents, though the majority of single-parent household s are regulated by the mother. Research shows there are many different effectsRead MoreSingle Parent Families Put Many Mental Effects on their Children1058 Words   |  5 PagesS. Census Bureau, claimed that out of 12.2 million single parent families in 2012, more than 80% were single mother parents. For a long time, there are many children that have grown up in a single-parent home. Kids who are raised by one parent seems almost impossible to them but have become more common in today’s society. Regardless of the situation, children who grow up in a household with one biological parent instead of two biological parents are often more susceptible to risks that can be harmfulRead More How Children of Single Parent Families are Affected Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of a Single Parent Home on a Childs Behavior The Family structure has changed significantly in the last fifty years. With higher percentages of marriage ending in divorce, and higher rates of childbearing out of wedlock, single parent families are increasing rapidly. â€Å"Seventy percent of all the children will spend all or part of their lives in a single-parent household.† (Dowd) Studies have shown that the children of these families are affected dramatically, both negativelyRead MoreEssay on Single-Parent Families820 Words   |  4 PagesThe journal article is talking about the difficulties which the single-parent families facing, such as emotional problems, housing stress and financial stress. It generated different viewpoints from different literature, and suggested an approach to meet the needs of single-parents. There is no doubt that both children and parents from single-parent families would more or less with some emotional, personality and interpersonal problems. This reflective paper that not aim to go further to explore theRead MoreCan Single Parents Raise Successful Children?1468 Words   |  6 PagesCan Single Parents Raise Successful Children? Lavern Francis COM 220 Instructor James York August 17, 2008 Are children who grow-up in a single parent household more likely to struggle in school, get into trouble with the law, and develop serious social problems such as low self-esteem and unhealthy relationships in the future? The myth is that a single parent cannot raise a successful child. That child who grows up in a single parent household is more likely to struggle in school, get intoRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Single Parent Homes1394 Words   |  6 Pagesof single parent homes. As compared to over forty to fifty years ago, single-parent families are common in today’s world. A single parent is a parent with one or more children, who is not living with any of the children’s other parents. The percentage of children who live with two parents has been declining among all racial and ethnic groups throughout the years. It has been found that children in single-parent homes generally fare worse than those in homes with two parents. In today’s single pare nt

Legal Institutional Aspects of Interest in Oil and Gas

Question: Discuss about the Legal Institutional Aspects of Interest in Oil and Gas? Answer: There are various resources but among them oil and gas are important resources for human being. Among six core industries in US oil and gas sector is the most important industry. Predominant and pivotal role is played by oil and gas sector in economy of every sphere. There are three division of oil and gas sector. They are: Upstream, Midstream and Downstream. Oil and gas community has online portal that is, OilandGasIQ.com. About 6000 or more than that refined products are made of crude oil and natural gas. In level of competition Oil and gas industry is growing its stagnation, initiation, maturity and growth by its developmental phase (Galvin, 2005). Throughout the world there are various legal contractual concepts of government permitted international oil companies (IOC) where petroleum explorations are carried out. Oil and gas investor needs protection against risk of legal contractual mechanism. Stability and guarantee is proved by legal mechanisms by stabilizing and negotiating legal clauses. Dispute resolution generally provides arbitration manner. Generally dispute arises between IOCs and states. Legal validity is made for the states right to regulate orders stated by law. There are several policies and law which affects the oil and gas industry. All the oil and gas industries work according to some legislative rules. Aspect of those laws covers operational issues, licensing, joint venture, project and service contract, construction, acquisition, disposal, marketing and sales, diligence work and oil and gas transportation. There are some laws and policy as follows: Downstream Energy Law and Policy- The regulation and legislation of this industry are implemented by industries where downstream energy industrial deals take place. This policy is made to restructure the gas and electrical industries where regulators are approached. This legal rule is made to turn environment of work more fluid and better. Policy for natural resources energy and environmental law- International and national environmental power generation, production and consumption of natural resources is dealt with this environmental policy. In production sector many problems regarding transportation of petroleum, mining activities, air pollution, global climate affects can be raised but these problems can be solved by policy of natural resources and energy. Oil and gas investor needs protection against risk of legal contractual mechanism. Stability and guarantee is proved by legal mechanisms by stabilizing and negotiating legal clauses. Dispute resolution generally provides arbitration manner. Generally dispute arises between IOCs and states. Legal validity is made for the states right to regulate orders stated by law in the Supreme Court. This statutory laws and policies should be looked forward to work out the litigations (Chanju Park, 2009). International and relative petroleum law and policy- International petroleum industry is implemented by this law. Host government, Oil Company and investors are main part of this law. International corporate and financial investors discuss things in wide manner face to face in a practical way. For financial development of resources of petroleum stakeholders are much interested. Issues related to taxation such as economic, accountants, lawyers, engineers and geologists are solved in taxation cases. Complex, expensive and risky operations are involved with oil and gas industries. Various types of disputes are found oil and gas industries. Dispute arises in case of equipment related claims, international boundary claims, jurisdiction claim, insurance issue and claim in relation to quality and quantity. The opt for (ADR) Agreed Dispute Resolution referenced dispute to national court in terms of oil and gas industries. Jurisdiction of ADR is done in means of settlement of dispute and litigation which consist of negotiations, mediation, arbitration, conciliation, expert determination and neutral evaluation. Disagreement between two parties which should be determined outside the court forms ADR which is other term of Arbitration. Institutional or ad-hoc arbitration takes place to form International commercial arbitration. An established arbitral institution does not administered ad-hoc arbitration. Institutional arbitration also has some advantages: In this arbitration pre established procedures and rules are defined in a timely ways and manner. Institutional administrative reluctance chooses from record which is proven. There are also many demerits of institutional arbitration, administrative fees can be considered as dispute where actual amount is not defined. Bureaucracy is another reason which is responsible for delays and extra cost for which the response of the parties turn unrealistic. Arbitrators rule outside the arbitrations which are established and dispute takes place in ad hoc arbitration. Cost effectiveness is the example of ad hoc arbitration. It can be said that to do resolution in oil and gas industries despite of litigation arbitration is choose because it has low cost effectiveness and it is a fast process and litigation is cost effective and slow process. Arbitration is preferred in international resolution and it can also be said that dispute in resolution of oil and gas industry is done by ADR method (Biti and Rrugia, 2014). It can be said international commercial arbitration can be proved more preferable than litigation. There are some reasons as follows: Neutrality of process- Several national jurisdictions is involved with the oil and gas contract. Willingness to do the contract is not supported by dispute of court. Contractual agreement is done in terms of neutral arbitration. In the ICC rules confirmation of court shows the common law principle. The court states the IBA rules which can make the works bias free. Commonwealth Coatings Corp. v. Continental Causality Co is awarded in impartiality ground. Party autonomy- ADR generates autonomy degree which is not available under the litigation process other than arbitration process. International commercial arbitration has a fundamental principle that is Party autonomy. National and international laws of arbitration of oil and gas industries follows rules under the law of arbitration. In Article 19(1) of UNCITRAL Model law, it is regulated that, parties are free in subject of provision to make the tribunal of arbitral law and proceedings conducted by law. In United Kingdom Arbitration Act of 1996 stated that the partys freedom should be agreed on the dispute resolved by the parties in oil and gas industries who are forming contract with each other seeing the rules and regulations as per statutory laws made by government. The Supreme Court has stated the autonomy principle that in terms of court appeals decision jurisdiction of ADR is done in means of settlement of dispute and litigation will take place. Cost Effectiveness and speed- Litigation is very costly and slow process unlike to arbitration. It is a lengthy court process. In respect to international arbitration is inexpensive process than arbitration. In petroleum operation interruption is followed in length of time. Arbitration takes less time than litigation. Enforceable of Award- Enforceability award is the greatest merit of arbitration. In terms of international commercial arbitration 149 contracting states in New York is related with enforceability award of arbitrary which is rendered with different states. In Article 16(1) of UNCITRAL Model Law states some law for rules of doctrine of reparability. It states that contract of arbitral clause should be treated as an independent agreement in terms of contract. In arbitration terms between California Asiatic Oil Co. V. Government of Libya Arab republic and Texaco overseas Petroleum Co (TOPCO) connects the arbitral clause (Adams, 2012). Confidentiality of proceedings- Privacy on the ground of proceedings of arbitrariness in ability of disputing parties. The consent of arbitrariness is followed in divulging ways to keep some confidential parts of the litigation. Arbitration Act of 1996 stated that the partys freedom should be agreed on the dispute resolved by the parties in oil and gas industries. This is decided in the cases of arbitrariness. Non-adversarial- This is all a process where dispute settlement takes place. Civil and criminal justice is focussed in non court dispute resolution. In Black law dictionary it is stated that decision making by court is done in a neutral order following relevant laws. Principle is taken by winner in adversarial approach and in non adversarial approach principle is based on winning motive. Oil and gas industry maintains relation with winning principle of arbitration unlike to litigation. There is advantage in terms of maintaining good business relationship in litigation case with the parties ending resolution process of dispute. Parties of oil and gas industries prefer contracts of ADR litigation process because of the several reasons discussed above (Ali and Huang, 2012). Dispute of parties to arbitration is choosing by the resolution process. It can be said arbitrariness is non adversarial process where principle is based on winning motive. Other than UK there are other states where arbitrariness as per law is followed in sections below: The Toronto lawyers said that in oil and gas industries large numbers of joint venture of partnership as arbitrator on domestic ADR firms. Saudi Arabia and Libya are largest suppliers of energy industries from 1960. In 1958 New York and 200 plus countries have taken decision of involvement of arbitration with business parties and they have not chose litigation in terms of dispute resolution. ICSID has started the framework of international arbitration with several countries. Arbitration place and JAMSs Toronto Resolution Centre has applied ratification process in Canada (Hunter, 2000). Norton Rose Fulbrights Hunter said that, it depends on jurisdiction that which is faster arbitration or litigation. But it is also said that in domestic fracases is faster than arbitration of companies in Alberta. The International Chamber of Commerce, the Hong Kong International Arbitration centre and American Arbitration Association has modified rules in hearings. Interim relief can be gained by emergency arbitration. Arbitration is preferred by energy firms because of tribunals choose by duelling parties. PDPs (proved developed reserves) and QCRs (Quality Control Report) after doing research has came to a conclusion that in energy law practices arbitrator is far better process than litigation to resolve disputes (Rangel, 2006). Quotient courtesy is tending civil law system which is made by European counsellors or arbitrators. Both domestic energy disagreement and international energy dispute has taken large growth on Arbitration. Canada fossil fuel industry in ad hoc affairs is busy in operating arbitrary rules to classify the PPA association of gas power electricity generation plants and petroleum and diesel unit. UNCITRAL Model Law states some law for rules of doctrine of reparability. It states that contract of arbitral clause should be treated as an independent agreement in terms of contract. In arbitration terms between California Asiatic Oil Co. V. Government of Libya Arab republic and Texaco overseas Petroleum Co (TOPCO) connects the arbitral clause (Born, 2009). Industrial sector can be said as cradle of international commercial arbitration which takes special development in oil and gas industrial projects. From six to seven decades ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) has take wide space with various oil companies. Major contract and deal is done with electricity, oil and gas, wind or solar industries. Instead of litigation arbitrariness is playing in a worldwide basis in propagation term. The cost handled is 265 arbitrations and 18.3 percent which has been increased from 2012. Throughout the world there are various legal contractual concepts of government permitted international oil and gas companies (IOC) where petroleum explorations are carried out. Oil and gas investor needs protection against risk of legal contractual mechanism. Stability and guarantee is proved by legal mechanisms by stabilizing and negotiating legal clauses. Dispute resolution generally provides arbitration manner. Generally dispute arises between IOCs and states. Legal validity is made for the states right to regulate orders stated by law (Savarese, 2015). In this assignment it is discussed that to resolve dispute in international commercial system, arbitration is better process than litigation which is cost effective and faster process. Several articles as per law and sections have been described to proof that the fact is true. Many legal professional has also written it and after much research has analyzed the critical understanding of the mentioned question in the assignment. In several articles the ADR method has been described. Agreed Dispute Resolution (ADR) referenced dispute to national court in terms of oil and gas industries. Jurisdiction of ADR is done in means of settlement of dispute and litigation which consist of negotiations, mediation, arbitration, conciliation, expert determination and neutral evaluation. All these have been clearly stated in broader aspect which is legally stated about oil and gas industries (Halland et al., 2015). References: Galvin, C. (2005). Legal institutional aspects of interest in oil and gas. Ali, S. and Huang, H. (2012). Financial Dispute Resolution in China: Arbitration or Court Litigation?. Arbitration International, 28(1), pp.77-100. Biti, B. and Rrugia, B. (2014). International Commercial Arbitration as an Alternative Method to Solve International Commercial Disputes. AJIS. Born, G. (2009). International commercial arbitration. Austin [Tex]: Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Chanju Park, (2009). Arbitration Agreement and Arbitral Award. HUFS Law Review, 33(4), pp.195-230. Savarese, E. (2015). THE ARBITRAL PRACTICE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES (ICSID) IN 2014. The Italian Yearbook of International Law Online, 24(1), pp.431-452. Rangel, V. (2006). Settlement of Disputes Relating to the Delimitation of the Outer Continental Shelf: The Role of International Courts and Arbitral Tribunals. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 21(3), pp.347-362. Hunter, M. (2000). International Commercial Dispute Resolution: The Challenge of the Twenty-first Century. Arbitration International, 16(4), pp.379-392. Halland, H., Lokanc, M., Nair, A. and Kannan, S. (2015). The extractive industries sector. Washington, D. C.: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank Group. Adams, J. (2012). Arbitration Court powers to stay litigation because of arbitration agreements. ac, 1997(1).

Economic Demand and Supply Analysis †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Why is it important to consider the price elasticity of demand of your product when setting the price you are going to charge? 2.Explain the difference between comparative advantage an absolute advantage? Answers: 1. Demand for a product is usually highly responsive to a change in its price. This responsiveness is captured by price elasticity of demand. Price elasticity is calculated as a percentage change in quantity demand in response to a change in price. Now, response of demand to price is not uniform. It depends on several factors. These factors include nature of the product, availability of substitutes, income of the people and others (Baumol Blinder, 2015). Since, elasticity measure responsiveness of demand to its price this plays an important role in pricing decision. Sellers should set its price keeping in mind elastic response of the demand for the product. If demand is highly elastic as in case of luxury items, then charging a high price lead to a loss of business because people are able to reduce their demand largely. With availability of substitutes products demand, become more flexible. In this situation, producers should not set a high price. For goods having high elasticity, too high price harm the business by reducing demand and sellers should set a low price (Varian, 2014). Therefore, knowledge about demand elasticity helps the firm to take decision on price. This helps firms to rightly plan their marketing strategy and fulfill revenue goal. Even after setting price producers sometimes, need to revise for either increasing their revenue or capturing a greater market share. With complete information about elasticity, producers can optimally decide how much price increase or decrease is needed to achieve set revenue target. 2. In international trade, a country usually exports the good in which it has an advantage over another country and imports the good in which the country has disadvantage in production. This advantage or disadvantage is determined using the concept of absolute ad comparative advantage. Adam Smith gives the theory of absolute advantage. A country is said to have an absolute advantage in producing one good if it enjoys absolute cost benefit. On the other hand, comparative advantage is determined based on opportunity cost that is what amount of other goods needs to be sacrificed to produce a particular good (Levchenko Zhang, 2016). There are situations where two countries have absolute advantage in both goods. Then it becomes difficult to decide the trade relation. To resolve this issue David Ricardo gives the theory of comparative advantage. Trade based on absolute advantage cannot be mutually beneficial always. In times of comparative advantage, trade is always beneficial for both the nation. In contrast to absolute advantage overall output level is also considered under comparative advantage. In computing absolute advantage, absolute cost is important while for comparative advantage opportunity cost is used. Countries generally specialize and export goods in which it has a comparative advantage. The idea of comparative advantage dominates that of absolute advantage as it more efficiently determines countries production capacity more efficiently (Yang Ng, 2015). Comparative advantage analyzes gains from trade more intensively and provides a bigger rationale for trade than absolute advantage. Today international trade theory is mostly based on comparative advantage theory. References Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015). Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Levchenko, A. A., Zhang, J. (2016). The evolution of comparative advantage: Measurement and welfare implications.Journal of Monetary Economics,78, 96-111. Varian, H. R. (2014).Intermediate microeconomics with calculus: a modern approach. WW Norton Company. Yang, X., Ng, Y. K. (2015).Specialization and economic organization: A new classicalmicroeconomic framework (Vol. 215). Elsevier.

Three Caches Design

Question: Part 1. Design three caches with the following organizations. The cache size for each cache is 64 bytes. The block size is 1 word (where 1 word = 4 bytes). Design a direct mapped cache. Design a two-way set associative cache. Use the LRU replacement policy. Design a fully associative cache. Use the LRU replacement policy.Part 2. Explore the effect of block size. For each cache organization in part 1, simulate the following block sizes. 1 word block 2 word block 4 word blockPart 3. Explore the effect of cache size. For each cache organization in part 1, simulate the following cache sizes. Assume a 1-word block. 64 bytes (same as part 1) 128 bytes 256 bytesPart 4. Explore the effect of set associativity. For a 64-byte cache and a 1-word block, consider the impact of set-associativity. 1-way set associativity 2-way set associativity 4-way set associativity 8-way set associativity 16-way set associativity Answer: Simulation code: #include #include #include #define stream 1 //0 to print screen, 1 to write cache.txt #define main_memory 65536 //65536, 32768, 16384, 8192, 4096 addressable memory (1, 2, 4, //8, 16 way set associativity respectively) #define cache_line 64 //M can be 64, 128, 256 bytes that means // 26,27,28 bytes which says 6,7,8 cache lines respectively #define cache_block_size 1 //N can be 1/2/4 word in each cache line class cache { int cache_tag[cache_line]; //cache tag //if(cache_tag(i)==0, its=MISS) int total_memory_access; //amount of memory access or //address request from CPU int total_hit; //amount of cache hit public :Cache(); void print_hit_ratio(void); //print hit ratio void input(); void write_cache_table(); int usage(void); }; void cache :: print_hit_ratio(void) { float ratio; if (total_hit==0) ratio=0; else ratio=(float)total_hit/(float)total_memory_access; } //reading input file line by line void cache :: input() { int ifp=0, address_requested; while(cinifp, address_requested !-EOP) { int done=0; for(i=0;icache_line;i++) { if(address_requested=cache_tag[1] (address_requested=cache_tag[1]cache_bloc_size) { total_hit++; done=1; break; } } if (done==0) { lastwrote=(++lastwrote)%cache_line; cache_tag(lastwrote)=address_requested; } total_memory_access++; } } //print the content of cache table void cache :: write_cache_table() { int i,j; FILE *ofp; //output file pointer if(stream) ofp=fopen(cache.out,"w"); else ofp=stdout; //print table header fcoutofp,"Lines"; for(i=0;icache_block_size;i++) { fcoutofp,i; } fcoutofp "n" ; for(i=1;icache_block_size;i++) { fcoutofp,"---------"; } fcoutof,"n"; //loop with cache line for(i=0;icache_line;i++) { fcoutofp,"%6d",i; } for(j=0;jcache_block_size;j++) { //no content in cache if(cache_tag[i]==0); { fcoutofp; else fcoutofp,cache_tag[i]=j; } fcoutofp,"n"; } fclose(ofp); } int cache :: usage(void) { cout"Please pass a field n"; cout"Usage: caches in n"; } int main(int argo, char *argv[]) { clrscr(); Cache C1; FILE *ifp; //input file int address_requested=0; //address sequential if(argo!= 2) { exit(usage()); } //read input file from command line ifp=fopen(argv[i], "r"); if(ifp==NULL) { cout"ERROR File does not exist :n ",argv[i]; exit(usage()); } C1.print_hit_ratio(); C1.input(); C1.write_cache_table(); fclose(ifp); getch(); } } References Blanchet, G. and Dupouy, B. (2013).Computer architecture. London: Iste. Harris, D. and Harris, S. (2007).Digital design and computer architecture. Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Hennessy, J., Patterson, D. and Arpaci-Dusseau, A. (2007).Computer architecture. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Katzen, S. (1994).C for the microprocessor engineer. New York: Prentice Hall. Stroustrup, B. (1997).The C++ programming language. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Traister, R. (1994).Conquering C++ pointers. Boston: Academic Press Professional. Weiskamp, K. (1994).The Borland C++ 4.0 primer. Boston: AP Professional. Willen, D. and Krantz, J. (1983).8088 assembler language programming. Indianapolis, Ind.: H.W. Sams.