WHITLAM essays

WHITLAM papers Was the Governor General option to contend that he had the established position to excuse the Whitlam Government or was Whitlam right in contending that the rule of dependable government ought to win? On the eleventh November 1975, the Australian Governor General, Sir John Kerr, excused the national Government of Gough Whitlam and charged Restriction Leader Malcolm Fraser as Prime Minister. The excusal and the occasions prompting it unmistakably showed the contact between sacred authority and mindful government. In a winding of occasions, capable government and the general idea of vote based system was conspicuously disregarded, and details inside the constitution manhandled, prompting the excusal of a fairly chose Prime Minister. While the Governor Generals choice was naturally permitted, it was positively not the mindful or majority rule Notwithstanding their triumph in the twofold disintegration appointment of 1974, the Labor Party gotten themselves indeed without a larger part in the Senate, stopped with the Liberal/National alliance at 29 seats each, with 2 heading off to the independents.1 They got a further blow with the demise of one Labor Congressperson and the abdication of an other. In this specific circumstance, as indicated by the Constitution, under Section 15, such opportunities were to be filled by the state from which the previous congressperson originated from by a selection from a joint sitting in the House of Parliament. Anyway in the head of mindful government what's more, majority rules system, unwritten show had built up that the easygoing opening ought to be filled by an individual from the equivalent ideological group, along these lines keeping up the portrayal of the past political race. Both the New South Wales and Queensland governments broke with this show and the two opportunities were not filled by the Labor Partys candidates. Indeed, even at this early point the pressure between writt... <!

Social psychology seems to have many origins; critically discuss the historical and philosophical roots of modern social psychology The WritePass Journal

Social brain science appears to have numerous causes; fundamentally examine the recorded and philosophical underlying foundations of present day social brain science Presentation Social brain science appears to have numerous causes; fundamentally examine the recorded and philosophical underlying foundations of present day social brain science IntroductionConclusionRelated Presentation There are numerous clarifications for the roots of present day social brain research. It is in this way essential to consider that social brain research can't be followed back to one single wellspring of birthplace (Burr, 2003). Thus, this is the motivation behind why there are discussions of what social brain science is. Allport (1985) portrayed social brain science as â€Å"the investigation of people’s considerations, emotions, and practices which are impacted by the real, envisions, or inferred nearness of others†. As observed from this definition there is an immediate connection between sociology and the individual brain research (Sewel, 1989). Social brain science can't be viewed as a straight wonder. This is on the grounds that social brain research has gotten from blend of impacts. The improvement of social brain science can be examined in two unique manners. Right off the bat, social brain science is contended to be found upon political developments and social methods of reasoning in the United Stated of America (US). Optional, it very well may be contended that social brain science created because of the reaction of social and political needs. 3. There have been discusses with respect to whether social brain science ought to be managed as a characteristic science or not. The belief system of common science is significant as it influences the manner in which the social therapist manage circumstances. For instance, on the off chance that there are explicit logical goals, at that point the examination is research facility based and utilizes exploratory methods so as to pick up information. Clinicians who utilize this positivistic strategy are named trial social therapists. Then again, basic social brain research has contended with trial social therapists. The quality of the basic social therapists is that they utilize a scope of various strategies in research, and are not constrained to logical information. This incorporates both subjective and quantitative techniques. In general, basic social therapists are depicted as having a basic belief system so as to reveal implications of social wonders (Gough McFadden, 2001). Both ba sic and exploratory social brain science structure the cutting edge social brain research because of their significant recorded setting. Trial social brain science is contended to be gotten from the American convention, and basic social brain research has been contended to be gotten from the European custom. In spite of the fact that this has shaped two unmistakable methodologies in the utilization of philosophy in brain research, there are still on-going discussions over brain research as a science or not. 4. A significant commitment that has had an extraordinary effect on the cutting edge social brain research was from William McDougall. McDougall proposed for a transformative brain science, which was affected by Darwin’s hypothesis. Particularly with the predominant fields of human science and human sciences, McDougall had the option to interface science, human science and brain science (McDougall, 1919). Be that as it may, McDougall’s research in social development was likewise deciphered as radical because of the prejudice engaged with conduct quality legacy. This shows despite the fact that McDougall’s work has been a beginning point to the roots of social brain science, it has additionally prompted misconcepts particularly in the Western culture. Someone else who added to the roots of social brain research was William James which built up the hypothesis of ‘stream of consciousness’. The quality of the ‘stream of consciousness’ was th at it was not just utilizing the introspect strategy. The motivation behind why James made an impact in social brain research is because of the progression taken from contemplation, so as to comprehend the human’s conduct by their feelings and considerations. 5. Albeit both McDougall and James made an extraordinary commitment to social brain science, particularly with regards to speculations and exploration, their understandings are unique. This distinction is because of the conversation of human instinct of unrestrained choice. In general, McDougall can be portrayed as the root of the European custom of social brain science. This is on the grounds that he accepted an individual needs choice because of the social and social powers. Though James can be portrayed as the inceptions of the American convention of social brain research. This is on the grounds that James clarified that people are aware of their own choices. Besides, James is an impacting figure in the philosophical development of Pragmatism. Sober mindedness moved toward philosophies and suggestions with down to earth thoughts, for example trial legitimacy. 9. The development of exploratory social brain research is altogether different to basic social brain science. Rogers (2004) explained the main social brain science examinations to be Triplett’s concentrate on dynamogenic impact. In essential terms Triplett’s saw that youngsters performed better when in rivalry with others. Triplett’s study can now deciphered as social impact. Be that as it may, Hogg Vaughan (1998) contends that Triplett’s study can't be clarified as the main social brain science study since it was perceived later on when the investigation was changed. By and by, Triplett’s study built up the utilization of exploratory system in his examination. 6. Volkerpsychologie was a development in Germany in the late nineteenth century. The Volkerpsycholgie pupil attempted to clarify the explanations for social groupings as aggregate measurement (Rogers, 2003). The social gatherings in Germany where basically prevailing of explicit German patriot character. From these German characters it was recommended that language and culture had a job in singular discernment and thinking. This prompted Wundt’s recommendation of utilizing exploratory brain research so as to examine language and culture. Consequently, Wundt is portrayed as the ‘founder of test psychology’ (Burr, 2004). As a trial clinician Wundt accepted brain research was a characteristic science, which is the motivation behind why Wundt utilized thoughtfulness method to decipher the cognizance, internal considerations, wants and impressions of people (English, 1921). Anyway he didn't overlook the way of thinking of brain research, especially with the ascent of group brain science. The historical backdrop of group brain science connects to the French Revolution in 1789-1799.â Crowd brain science can be portrayed as a collectivist methodology, where the term ‘social’ is basic to our seeing, to a great extent because of gathering impact and culture. 7. Between the times of French insurgency a great deal of philosophical masterminds, including Comte and Durkheim, got intrigued on how the general public and people impact one another. With the tremendous measure of writing rising in France on social thoughts the French-social hypothesis started to create. The French-social hypothesis presented Positivism, as of Comte. The regulation of positivism permitted theory and science to be isolated with the goal for science to get recognized. Be that as it may, the positivistic methodology additionally was a central point in the detachment of American and European social brain research (Farr, 1996). This is the reason Comte can be seen as the originator of social brain research (ALLPORT 1954). Comte’s work was affected yet additionally bantered by Durkheim (Poggi, 2000W). Durkheim’s expansion to French-social hypothesis was the technique for similar, which is formulated of perception (Randall, 1975W). The investigation of soci al portrayal turned out to be extremely acclaimed in the French upset time frame, especially Durkheim’s research that demonstrated aggregate portrayal inside a general public (Farr, 1996). One of the significant impacts this had on the cutting edge social brain science is from Moscovici study. Moscovici noted Durkheim as his impact for his examination in social portrayal (Farr, 1996). Social portrayal hypothesis carried another advancement to the social brain research, which is presently depicted as basic social brain science. 8. With the French unrest the philosophical period of Enlightenment developed. Edification time carried civilisation to people, away from the strict authority of the congregation (Burr, 2004). This permitted individual’s to look for truth of the real world, by methods for thinking. The ‘search for truth’ permitted people to investigate social wonders. For instance; the belief system of Marx on social class and work, Piaget’s thinking of kid improvement. Inside the time of Enlightenment two diverse hypothetical ideas emerged; Modernism and Postmodernism. The presumption of science as the establishment to information is developed by innovation. The standards of innovation are portrayed as; majority rules system, liberal independence, liberal humanism, and science (Roger, 2003). The science set up by innovation, brought an advancement from the information picked up from the strict convictions to the information picked up from logical strategies. Be that as it may, postmodernism contends that information isn't found but instead built. Postmodernism likewise contend that there is various assortment of information, which the individual develops by methods for thinking. The people develop their knowledge’s because of circumstance factors remembering society and society for various areas. For instance, the mental disease of sadness can't generally be determined to have the equivalent logical tests in various societies. The rule of the postmodernisms has keyly affected basic social brain science. Despite the fact that innovation and postmodernism are inverse terms, basically both have set up an European custom of collectivistic methodology. 9. The rise of exploratory social brain research is altogether different to basic social brain science. Rogers (2004) explained the main social brain research trials to be Triplett’s concentrate on dynamog

Cold War Essay Example for Free

Cold War Essay During the virus war, the structure of the American security framework didn't address such a great amount about the interests and insurance of its residents. Around then, a large portion of the country’s security was given by the Army. The Army for the most part managed outside dangers and assaults in this manner leaving the residents and the residential security inclined to assaults. This lead to different objections since the American individuals felt unreliable. The residents felt that they were not given enough security and incase there would be any war in future, they were at a hazard. Accordingly so as to fill this hole of residential introduction, there was have to present common guard which was dependable in giving security to regular folks. This along these lines came about to the arrangement of Homeland security. Infact the presentation of the atomic weapons during the virus war had started a rush of strain among America and other created nations and so as to set up the regular folks for any outside assault, development of the Homeland security was prominent. The significant goal for the presentation of the Home land security was in this way to give security to the neighborhood individuals and furthermore to shield the nation from any outer assault (Hanson, 1996). They were additionally to offer any essential help and help to the Armed powers. Prior to the virus war, the atomic weapons were fundamentally since a long time ago extended. The long range relaxing of the weapon permitted enough an ideal opportunity for the regular people to be cleared from the objective. Be that as it may, after the virus war, rockets were presented. The rocket could obliterate an objective inside a range of minutes and hence would not take into account clearing. This at that point represented the requirement for increasingly handy and experienced Homeland security who might manage such assaults. Prior to the virus war in 1960s, individuals could be shielded from any atomic assault by moving them to aftermath covers. Inside the sanctuaries, individuals could endure atomic assault and they were possibly to come out when the atomic reactants have died down. Be that as it may, during the virus war, there was rise of progressively atomic weapons. These weapons were more damaging than the past ones. There was need in this way for the legislature to be increasingly careful by presenting Homeland security in many pieces of the nation who thought a lot about the atomic reactants (Garthoff, 1994). Country security were likewise to be prepared on different methods of managing the substance and natural weapons which were acquainted at that point so as with ensure the regular folks incase such assault could be propelled. Country security representatives were additionally prepared to deal with catastrophes, examine and recognize danger and furthermore keep it from happening. Changes in the U. S. government concerning insight exercises during 1970s. During the 1970s, there was presentation of the knowledge offices on the American regular citizens. Their significant task was really to explore any dubious activity that may prompt a security danger or even an assault on the American soil. Be that as it may, in mid 1970s the knowledge offices were found to hold so much force. They additionally abused these forces by pestering the regular folks. They were given these forces with no management in the premium that they will complete the examination essentially on outer issues. A board of trustees was thusly shaped to explore these claims. To much shock, it was discovered that FBI had open 500,000 documents for the regular citizens with no one of the cases being heard on court. Aside from this, they had additionally bothered every one of the individuals who had restricted the Vietnam War. The examination board of trustees considered FBI to be taking care of the law on their own hands as opposed to exploring the wrongdoing. Further examinations recommend that security organizations were acting in light of a legitimate concern for outside impact. In response to the discoveries, the president took all the forces from the insight organizations and presented even and composed offices who might manage gathering residential data. This prompted the presentation of request (EO) 11905 of every 1976 which was to address all the outside knowledge exercises (Kurian, 1998). The request was likewise assume to expound on the obligations of the insight Agencies so as to guarantee that peace was followed. This request was likewise to explain the roads of dealing with progressively genuine and less genuine issues. Reference: Hanson, J. (1996). The Next Cold War? American Alternatives for the Twenty-First century. Westport, C. T. Praeger distributers. Garthoff, R. (1994). The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the virus War. Washington D. C. Brookings Institution. Kurian, G. (1998). A Historical Guide to the U. S. Government. New York. Oxford University Press.

Can You Take the SAT After High School Expert Guide

Would you be able to Take the SAT After High School Expert Guide SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While individuals partner the SAT with secondary school understudies, there are a few reasons somebody may need or need to take the SAT after secondary school. In any case, would you be able to take the SAT after high school?Absolutely!I took the SAT this previous year as a grown-up and will be taking it again this May. In this guide, I’ll spread the reasons you might need to accept the SAT as a grown-up, how to enroll, how testing is distinctive as a grown-up, and more exhortation. For what reason Might You Want to Take the SAT as an Adult? Taking the SAT is tedious and requires arrangement. You shouldn’t put yourself through it on the off chance that you don’t need to. Nonetheless, there are three valid justifications you may need to take the SAT after secondary school. #1: Applying to College Did you take a couple of years off after secondary school before applying to school and never take the SAT?If along these lines, you will probably need to take the SAT or ACT for your school applications.Did you take a couple of years off after secondary school before applying to school, yet you took the SAT during high school?If you took the SAT during secondary school, you won't have to retake it. Your SAT scores are put away inconclusively by the College Board.However, a few universities require a SAT score from the last 3-5 years.Make sure to check each college’s application necessities (I’ll plunge into how to find this later). Likewise, regardless of whether you took the SAT during secondary school, you may need to re-take it to improve your score.To give yourself the most obvious opportunity with regards to affirmation, you should attempt to get your SAT score at or over the 75th percentile SAT score of conceded students.I’ll address this in the exhortation segment, however I enthusiastically prescribe you read our manual for finding your objective score for more data about this. Not all universities expect you to send a test score.Some schools permit special cases for the individuals who never took the SAT in secondary school or for whom taking the SAT presently would be unreasonably difficult.For model, in the event that you are in the military and conveyed abroad, you might be allowed to swear off taking the SAT.Some schools are test-discretionary or test-dazzle, so they don't expect you to send SAT scores.If you’re just applying to test-discretionary or test-daze schools, at that point you don't have to take the SAT. Make a point to look at the affirmations site for every one of your objective universities to discover their application requirements.You ought to have the option to discover the confirmations site by doing a Google scan for â€Å"[College Name] confirmations website.†On their confirmations site, most schools list the application necessities (and whether they require a SAT test).If you’re unfit to discover this data on their site, you ought to send an email or call the confirmations office. #2: Applying to Transfer Colleges On the off chance that you’re applying to move universities either from a junior college or 4-year college to a 4-year college, you may need to present a SAT or ACT score with your application.If you are applying to move in the wake of going through just a half year to a year at a school or junior college, you'll likely need to present a SAT or ACT score with your application.If you took the SAT or ACT during secondary school, you likely could utilize that score. Be that as it may, you may need to re-test to improve your score to improve your odds of admission.You need your SAT score to be at or over the 75th percentile SAT score of conceded understudies to have the most obvious opportunity with regards to being admitted.I’ll talk about this more in the exhortation area, yet I propose you read our article about how to discover your objective score for more guidance. As I said in the applying to school segment above, you won't have to present a SAT or ACT score if you’re just applying to test-discretionary or test-daze schools. Check the affirmations site for every one of the schools that you’re applying to discover their application requirements.You can discover the confirmations site by doing a Google scan for â€Å"[College Name] affirmations website.†On their confirmations site, most universities list their application prerequisites including whether they require a SAT test.If you’re incapable to discover this data on their site, you ought to send an email or call the confirmations office. #3: Applying for a Job or Scholarship At times employment forms expect you to present a SAT score, particularly in the event that you are attempting to work in the instruction world.Additionally, a few grants expect you to score inside a certain range.If you stepped through the examination in secondary school, you could present those scores, however on the off chance that you didn’t or on the off chance that you have to improve your score to qualify, you’ll need to accept the test now as a grown-up. Ensure that for your activity or grant you hold fast to their requirements.Some may request a secondary school SAT score and may not consider another score.Know the prerequisites, and if you’re uncertain, call or email to explain. Coordinations of Taking the SAT After High School Since we know the reasons you might need to take the SAT post secondary school, I’ll manage you through the means ofhow to take the SAT after secondary school. The most effective method to Register as a High School Graduate You can enlist on the College Board’s site or via mail.Registering will include entering your own data, presenting a photograph or yourself, paying the enrollment charge, and so forth. Enlisting for the SAT can be marginally morechallengingas a grown-up since theprocess is outfitted towards secondary school understudies. Nonetheless, it's not very troublesome: there are just some minor burdens. The College Boardasks for parent data, yet you can leave thatblank. Additionally, it requests your secondary school, yet there is an alternative to sayI am not in secondary school. Otherwise, answer the remainder of the inquiries as well as could be expected. Look at our full manual for enlisting for bit by bit help with the SAT enrollment process. Where to Takethe SAT After High School You’ll be stepping through the exam at a SAT test place with secondary school students.Test focuses are regularly secondary schools yet are here and there situated on junior college grounds, school grounds, and other locations.No matter your area, you’ll be trying with secondary school understudies. During your enrollment procedure, you’ll select your test place location.You’ll have the option to scan for one near you.NOTE: the previous you register, the more probable you’ll have the option to test close to your home. Closer to the enrollment cutoff time, test focuses top off, and you may wind up testing more distant from your home.Sign up right on time! How Testing As an Adult Is Different The greatest contrast is the necessities for your own ID and the trouble of jumping on the test waitlist.However, these prerequisites just apply to test-takers 21 and over.If you’re under 21, you can skirt this area as it doesn't make a difference. In case you're 21 or more established, you can't utilize an understudy ID for affirmation on test day.You are required to bring an official, official recognizable proof, for example, a driver's permit or visa. Also, if you’re 21 or more seasoned, you can’t be put on a SAT testing waitlist.The College Board basically doesn’t permit it.Heed my prior exhortation and sign up right on time (or if nothing else on schedule), so you maintain a strategic distance from this issue. SAT testing is likewise a little extraordinary now from what you may remember.The College Board made a recently upgraded 2016 SAT (the principal test was in March 2016).I enthusiastically suggest you read our other article which sums up all the changes.I’ll give a concise outline of the changes. The test is presently evaluated from 400-1600 (rather than 800-2400).The paper is currently discretionary (however it is required by most colleges).The Reading and Writing have been joined into one area score. Sentence-finish questions have been disposed of; all inquiries are entry based.The Math segment has changed the substance somewhat: less spotlight on geometry, more spotlight on polynomial math, and included trigonometry and nonexistent number inquiries. Likewise, there is currently a math segment that doesn’t permit a mini-computer, so you need to do mental math. The test may not be what you recollect whether you took it in secondary school. Furthermore, accepting the SAT as a grown-up can be clumsy. I took the SAT a year ago at age 23;it was unquestionably strange from the start. At the point when you appear at check in among secondary school understudies, you'll feel the abnormality. Once Igot over the underlying strangeness, I feltconfident.In secondary school, I was so anxious to take theSAT in light of the fact that I felt there was so much weight riding on the test. As a grown-up, you understand that one test won't characterize you. I had the option to loosen up more and improve on the test because of my freshly discovered certainty. I trust you feel a similar when you sit for the SAT! Prepared set examination for the SAT! Guidance for Taking the SAT as an Adult Don’t disparage the SAT.Yes, it tests secondary school content, yet that doesn’t essentially mean it will be simple for you.In truth, there are most likely some secondary school basic themes that you’ve overlooked or are somewhat corroded on.If you haven’t considered Math since secondary school, you may have overlooked the trigonometry recipes or the principles of total value.Even however you may be well past secondary school, you despite everything need to get ready for the SAT. 3 Tips for Studying for the SAT as an Adult Pay attention to your test planning. Commit time to it. Tip #1: Learn the SAT Format Take the same number of SAT practice tests as you can. Step through the exams under reasonable testing conditions while keeping exact time.Check out our procedure guides. You’ll discover the SAT needs you to think pretty actually on the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section.Most answers are pulled legitimately from the content without interpretation.However, the Math segment expects you to be progressively innovative

Sula By Toni Morrison Essays - Sula, Toni Morrison, Nel

Sula By Toni Morrison Numerous works of contemporary American fiction include one person's quest for personality in a smothering and unsympathetic world. In Sula, Toni Morrison gives us two such people. In Nel and Sula, Morrison makes two singular female characters that from the outset are independent, becomes together, and at that point is isolated again. Albeit never truly accommodated, Nel's self revelation toward the finish of the novel allows the accomplishment of a nearly outlandish mission - the combination of two selves. What's more, that is the thing that I think truly makes the novel work. I found that it's an incredible book that gives us a take a gander at these two extraordinary characters. Morrison says she made Sula as a lady who could be utilized as a great kind of malice power and that she needed Nel to be a warm, ordinary lady. She says there was a smidgen of both in every one of these ladies... on the off chance that they had been one lady... they would have been a fairly great individual. However, every one needed something the other had. Morrison, therefore, makes two totally various ladies yet permits them to converge into one. The sustainment of the two selves as one demonstrates troublesome and Morrison permits them to seek after various ways. In any case, the two ladies' different excursions and individual looks for their own selves prompts only despondency and Sula's passing. Nel's acknowledgment that they were as it were genuinely people when they were joined as one permits them to blend by and by. Morrison depicts Sula and Nel as parallel contrary energies toward the start of the novel. In our first perspective on Nel she is as customary and accommodating as a youthful woman can be: Under Helene's hand the young lady got devoted and amenable. Her mom quieted any enthusiasms that Nel appeared until she drove her little girl's creative mind underground. (p.18) In this section Nel is simply an expansion of her mom with no independence of her own. Helene's hand is the iron clench hand of authority from under which Nel can't discharge herself. Morrison makes it understood here that Nel is a quiet and bland young lady who adjusts totally to her mother's severe requests. Sula, then again, originates from an entirely unexpected foundation. She is her own individual as she has none of her mom's slackness (p.29) and, not at all like the harsh neatness(p.29) of Nel's home, lives in a wooly house, where a pot of something was consistently cooking on the oven; where the mother, Hannah, never chastened or gave bearings; where a wide range of individuals dropped in; where papers were stacked in the passage, and grimy dishes left for quite a long time at once in the sink, and where a one-legged grandma named Eva gave you goobers from somewhere inside her pockets or read you a fantasy. (p.29) Where Nel is bound, Sula is free. Where Nel has been raised to be an expansion of her mom, Sula has shockingly not many binds to hers. Nel's creative mind has been limited to the point that the untidiness of Sula's home alongside its weird occupants and numerous guests must appear as a flat out dream world. Thus, the neatness of Nel's home contrasted and the clutter of her own permits Sula to sit still as day break. (p.29) Morrison makes it understood in these occasions that every one needed something the other had. That something is neither little nor irrelevant. It is the principal make-up of every young lady's character. Morrison purposely depicts Nel and Sula as such to outline insistently how totally unique they initially are. They are so extraordinary, actually, that they are two aspects of the equivalent being - Nel traditional and systematic; and Sula whimsical and agitated. The solace every vibe in the other's home exhibits their underlying and subliminal want to converge into one being. Morrison lingerie, in these cases, that the two aspects can't flourish exclusively and insights that they will before long become one. This merger happens most significantly with Sula's coincidental homicide of Chicken Little. Thinking back on this episode Nel reviews that: All these years she had been furtively pleased of her quiet, controlled conduct when Sula was wild, her empathy for Sula's startled and disgraced eyes. Presently it appeared that what she had thought was development, peacefulness and empathy was just the serenity that follows a upbeat incitement. Similarly as the water shut calmly over the disturbance of Chicken Little's body, so had satisfaction washed over her happiness. (p.170) This section uncovers that the first paired inverse characters are no more totally different. During this episode Nel, the previous quiet and

Symbols and Symbolism in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner :: Rime

Images in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner &nbsp; A nearby perusing of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner will uncover that the Ancient Mariner-who is without a moment's delay himself, Coleridge and all humankind having trespassed, both causes discipline and looks for reclamation; or, at the end of the day, turns out to be restlessly mindful of his connection to the God of Law (as represented by the Sun), and in his sub-cognizance genuinely begs the pardoning of the God of Love (spoke to by the Moon-image). &nbsp; ... For Professor Lowes, while he has unveiled a Coleridge of astonishing scholarly handle ... holds back on the fringe of simply inventive experience. In his long investigation of The Ancient Mariner, he appears to miss the basic allegory.... at the point when everything is stated, his unsparable book is substance to be an audit of Coleridge's scholarly and inventive connection to his accessible sources in books, in discussions and in his life history, not (save money now and again as providing an easygoing contention) to express leave behind part in the wonderful aim all in all .... &nbsp; ... There is no place here or somewhere else in the book [The Road to Xanadu] a trace of the history behind the Mariner's sparkling eye, a proposal of the artist's striking exchange of the sparkle in the dead sailors' eyes (Death) to those of the Mariner (Life-in-Death). The writer presents the Mariner unexpectedly and tediously as one with a sparkling eye. A comparative accentuation is given to the appellation splendid peered toward (as in the penultimate refrain of Part VII); and when the frightful inquiry, Why look'st thou so?, is asked, our contemplations return to that vile sparkle. Presently think about this refrain in Part III: &nbsp; One after one, by the star-hounded Moon, Unreasonably snappy for moan or murmur, Each turned his face with an appalling ache, Also, reviled me with his eye, what's more, these verses likewise from Part IV: The virus sweat dissolved from their appendages, Nor decay nor smell did they: The look with which they looked on me Had never died. A vagrant's revile would haul to hellfire A soul from a lofty position; In any case, ohl more frightful than that Is a revile in a dead man's eye! Seven days, seven evenings, I saw that revile, But then I was unable to pass on; also, these again from Part VI: All stood together on the deck, For a charnel-prison fitter: All fixed on me their stony eyes, That in the Moon glittered.

Essay Topics For Guns and Germs and Steel

Essay Topics For Guns and Germs and SteelWhen you are working on your college essays, you may have to write essays on a wide variety of topics. However, if you choose essay topics for guns and germs and steel, you should take a look at how these topics can help you.A number of essay topics for guns and germs and steel, include some facts about what they are used for. For example, how many people do you think die from gun-related injuries every year? Many of those deaths occur because of accidents where the shooter didn't know what he was doing.Additionally, you should look at the issue of germ warfare in war. One of the reasons that you may not consider writing on this topic is that it's too dark and there are so many ways to defeat germ warfare. However, when you use an essay topic for guns and germs and steel, you may find that the issues involve our exposure to metals and the dangers that they pose.What exactly causes germ warfare? How do soldiers get exposed to metals? There are many things that happen on a battlefield that could expose a soldier to metals, but there are many things that don't. For example, someone is wearing a 'friendly' mask.Soldiers are exposed to germs, as well as metals, when they are involved in germ warfare. They are exposed to it while transporting the fighting to and from the battlefield. There are many other things that could happen when they are fighting.For this reason, you should look at essay topics for guns and germs and steel that deal with germ warfare. One of the most interesting ways to look at the problem is to think about how they may be attacked. They could be exposed through the skin, clothing, or even food. While they are fighting, they might get sick because of the food and water that they are exposed to.What may seem like a larger problem to you, may be easier to deal with for the soldier, than germ warfare. It may also be easier to deal with for the individual who wants to avoid germs and metals. Perhaps you will try to look at the idea of not handling your clothes with a pair of gloves and instead using something that is more natural, such as the traditional disinfectant soap or bleach.By using essay topics for guns and germs and steel, you may be able to bring up this subject and help people learn more about it. You can also find many options that you can include in your essay. If you want to make sure that your essay is unique, you will want to look at some of the more unique ways that you can go about doing this.

Making the hard decision

Making the hard decision I have always loved writing. I have always enjoyed the freedom of coming up with stories, making worlds that I wish I could live in, or bringing together thoughts about my own life to come up with a coherent narrative. On the visual arts side, I spent a lot of time doing Blender (a 3D animation program) when I had free time back in high school. For me it was a way for me to take the world that I know, and modify it in a way that made the world truly mine. However, despite my love for writing and 3D animation I believe my primary passion has always been cancer research. This made MIT almost a natural place for me to want to go, but the longer that I am here the more I have become aware that for many visual arts and writing was more than a hobby, it is a passion equivalent to my love for cancer research. As I have heard stories of friends, I have found a problem for incoming freshman that love literature or visual arts is How do I decide between MIT, and an art school? or MIT and a sch ool with a great writing program? So, I decided to grab some friends that I knew had made this decision between MIT and another program, and ask them how they feel now that they are at MIT. (both of these friends are anonymous so if you would like to get in contact with them to ask further questions, please email me and I can try to get you in contact ^_^) Literature When I was young, reading was practically a health hazard. I’d read anytime and anywhere, despite the immediate perils in my surrounding environment. I distinctly remember my mom rolling her eyes at me every time I walked into a door with my nose in a book. How I didn’t break my neck going down stairs in the middle of Emily Windsnap or Maniac Magee or Ramona Quimby is beyond me. Stories were mine to have and hold, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and health, until death do us part. You may now read the book (or this blog post, rather. I don’t know. This was a weird reference to make). Fast forward to middle and high school. My favorite authors inspired me to try my hand at writing, and I loved stringing words together. Sentences are compact puzzles with endless solutions and no single right answer. When all the pieces fit, they have rhythm, a flow, an ability to make you think and see and question. I found I loved crafting stories, too â€" they were a way to grab handfuls of life and mold the directionless chaos into something meaningful. In high school, I wrote constantly in a red journal. I submitted pieces to my school’s literary magazine, later became co-editor-in-chief, and even won a school award for a piece I wrote. Then came time for college. Adults stopped saying, “You can do everything you put your mind to!” and instead requested that I condense my interests and life goals into a choice of major. I loved writing, but I was also a science nerd (huge surprise, I know). I sent in my applications, heard back from schools, and screamed internally and out loud when I got into MIT. How could I say no? One of the first things I learned as a student here is that you can’t be good at/do everything. When you’re young, there are a billion open doors you can walk through and explore, but at a certain point, you have to start closing them â€" especially when you have an intense academic workload, run on too little sleep, and must learn to manage your time. Everyone has certain doors, though, that they’re incapable of shutting. I decided to come to MIT and pursue bioengineering, but I did not want to give up on writing. This mission has been going okay so far. I joined The Tech, MIT’s student newspaper. I am now editor of its Campus Life section. I am planning on minoring in writing (either creative or science). I have enjoyed the writing courses I’ve taken so far, and I’ve met many a talented writer here. Just so you know I’m not sugar coating my experience, here are the truths you’d expect from a school whose STEM reputation is as monolithic as MIT’s: there are few undergraduate students who choose to major in writing (MIT offers creative writing, science writing, and digital media majors and minors). There exist students here who belittle the humanities. The atmosphere is very much charged with an enthusiasm for STEM, which may hide the arts communities from public view. And there will be many times when you’ll be too busy or tired or stressed to work on anything but your psets. Here are some truths that may surprise you about MIT: for every student who hates the humanities, there are a ton more who appreciate its value and understand its importance. MIT students are not just hardcore STEM nerds â€" I am friends with serious athletes, half the people on my floor are super into Dance Troupe, a friend on my floor is learning firespinning, my roommate plays six instruments (and is amazing at all of them, excluding the trumpet which she picked up this year), and so on. And though few undergraduate students choose to major in writing, a community of writers thrives. This community may be smaller than those in other schools, but it is alive and well. MIT has a literary magazine, Rune, a newspaper, a spoken word poetry club, a plethora of writing courses, and superstar professors. Our writing professors, including Junot Diaz and B.D. Colen, are Pulitzer Prize winners, bestselling authors, respected journalists, and more. If you know you’re serious about writing as a life path, I might not advise going to MIT without quite a bit of thought and talking it over with a 21W major. MIT is likely not the best place to be if you know that writing is your dream, but this really depends on you. I have friends who are aspiring writers, and they do not regret their time here. I personally write and read less now, and it is difficult to do other things I enjoy during weeks when I don’t seem to have any free time. However, for those who are passionate about STEM and writing/the arts in equal measure, it is possible to do both at MIT. It will take energy, work, and introspection about what you want to prioritize in your life, but these are necessary ingredients for the pursuit of just about anything. Here’s one final anecdote: the other day, I attended the Ilona Karmel writing prize awards dinner. In a cozy room tucked away in building 14E, students crammed around couches and tables with plates of Indian food and slices of cake (which was modeled after Margaret Atwood’s typewriter! I almost died when I saw it). The room was buzzing with conversation and energy and anticipation, and sitting in that room, I felt so grateful for this hidden gem of MIT’s population. Everyone there shared my love for words, and I didn’t feel out of place as someone who’d previously run into doors with a face full of book. From the outside looking in â€" and even from the inside â€" MIT can be an intimidating place for aspiring writers. However, if you know there are some doors you just can’t close, you may be pleasantly surprised by what you find when you read between the lines. Visual Arts To be honest, I was pretty scared to write this blog post. So much so, that I managed to put 3 weeks between when Ben asked me to write one, and when I actually made a blank google doc. I guess I have been afraid that when I actually let loose and press brains against paper, the resulting imprint would be something unhappy and morbid. Okay let’s start over: -Hi! I’m about to talk a lot about myself, and hopefully conclude with something relevant to you. -I am course 6-3 (computer science major for those of you yet to be indoctrinated into the Institutes habit of numbering everything).My favorite living thing in the world is my dog Bean/Dou Dou (sorry everyone else). -I would like to be a visual development artist someday. What is a visual development artist? S/he is the person who decides what the world of a movie, game, or tv show will look like before it is actually produced. -(Here’s some awesome concept art: Lilo and Stitch, Tangled,Zootopia, emperor’s new groove, star wars, star wars, star wars, harry potter, guild wars 2, http://www.simonstalenhag.se/, moana) -Really, it’s the coolest job in the world for people who like to draw, read, and daydream. (a.k.a. me) However-in-general-as-a-person-overall. I also enjoy solving problems and building things; in high school I was really into science olympiad, and at one point decided I loved ecology/biology after following a grad student around an evolution lab at U Chicago for a summer. I’ve always counted myself amongst the nerd crowd growing up, and never imagined I would be anything else than someone that builds things. This changed when, as a junior in high school, I had the fortune to be able to take a summer art course on visual development; I spent 4 weeks developing a concept project built around a story I wrote, for which I designed characters, environments, props, vehicles, storyboards. It is hard for me to state how much that experience meant to me. It was as if I had been walking on my hands and writing with my feet my entire life, and someone came over and said “Hey, why don’t you try walking upside down?” And everything felt like it was meant to work that way. I tried to get back into academics the semester after that summer, but everything felt flat and uninteresting; I ended up spending a lot of time out of school that year, drawing things instead, trying to make a portfolio that would get me into a concept art/industrial design program that my parents would accept. I dropped all of my clubs; I quit science olympiad, science fair, etc etc and almost dropped out of honors classes t o save time until my counselor refused to sign the form. Somewhere in between this, I got into MIT. My dad cried. To art school, I got rejected once (I applied secretly and was going to ask my parents if I could graduate high school early), and accepted once (during the normal application cycle). I cried. The next fall, I came to MIT; I chose the dorm Senior House, where there are a lot musicians and artists, and was temped there during REX (dorm exploration week). I FYRE’d into Burton-Conner after REX ended. I told everyone it was because I wanted to live somewhere quieter, but it was really because I felt like I had to give up art if I was to take on MIT, and there were too many people there that I vibed with too hard. (Burton-Conner’s great and I love it and the massive family I’ve accumulated there, don’t get me wrong) I spent most of freshman year trying to be an MIT student â€" or a least what I thought an MIT student should be. I tried to get internships, I took many course 6 classes, I tried to do too many things and burned out a bit, and I almost transferred to art school again; I ended up not because of a mix up in phone calls (that’s what I told myself and everyone else. It was really because I was still scared to do something I thought no one else was doing). This continued to the first half of sophomore year (last semester); I interviewed at a gajillion tech companies with my heart half into it, before landing what would be considered a very decent position, at a very decent software company, with very decent compensation for next summer. Yet, for the rest of the semester, I found myself constantly, aimlessly logging onto job boards and filling out design applications that I knew I wouldn’t get. I went to Blizzard’s on campus interviews with a portfolio of concept art, even knowing there would only be technical interviewers coming. I would spend a semester unconsciously looking for a way out of this very decent, very respectable and favorable situation, in as much denial as I could muster. Then this spring, a.k.a. right now; I took on a bunch of projects that were art and computer science; I became AR lead of the mural project in the tunnels, and began a UROP in the Media Lab where I got to do my own AR art project. One day, the supervisor for the internship I was supposed to do this summer emailed me this: “Our internship program this summer has been unfortunately canceled due to reorganization of the company”. I couldn’t feel anything but relieved. That was when I finally turned my head around, and looked up to confront the colossus of discontent that had been trailing behind me, dragging at my feet, ever since I got on campus. Throughout all of this I kept feeling that I should be happy despite everything; I am at the coolest place in the world with access to so many cool projects why can’t I just be enjoying this and diving in, instead of dithering over something I can do later? But the truth is, that just caught me up more beating myself up for not enjoying something I ‘should’ be enjoying. I think I knew from the beginning that I wanted to go to art school; but I was scared that if I went and it wasn’t what I thought it would be, I would have no way to get back to the ‘right way” of doing things (getting an undergrad degree, doing something technical and high paying in a respectable job). I also just never heard the words “I think you should go to art school instead of MIT”. My art teacher, the mentor I found in the visual development course, my parents, friends, etc all said otherwise; only one friend told me; hey I think you should just go to art school seeing as you’re dithering so much over something as big at MIT clearly you don’t particularly want to go. But everyone else said, “You’ll never run into something like MIT again; you can always go back to art”. And having been here for two years, I think that I have finally accepted that I should have gone to art school; I have come to terms with the fact that I don’t like computer science that much, I don’t like engineering that much, but that that’s okay. There’s nothing wrong with me for feeling that way. This doesn’t sound like such a big realization, but somehow it took me 2 years of feeling inadequate and wrong before I finally got to it. So to people out here who are in environments or situations where you have to choose between 2 things, where one is unequivocally objectively better than the other, but you can’t manage to feel that way: your feelings matter more than what’s better. Not equal, not less; it matters more, because for the rest of your life, YOU will be in control of where your life goes. All that matters is how you feel about what you do. Doing what you’re supposed to do, so that your life is something that everyone around you wants that won’t bring y ou happiness. Doing things that make you happy brings you happiness. (But also, if that choice isn’t something within your reach right now, I also do want to let you know it is possible to be happy here as an artist. For me, because I am interested in purely art in particular, and have neither interest in new media and conceptual art nor all the theory based design that is around here nor building software, it was a much longer path getting there. But I have found that a lot of the Virtual and Augmented/Mixed Reality projects going on are really interesting. Making games is also really fun, if anyone reading this who is interested in cs and art hasn’t already, try making something in Unity! Or Processing! Or Blender! Computer graphics is also a really good field to get into right now. This guy also has the most inspiring and beautifully immersive computer science/art projects I have seen. All of his work is amazing, but especially check out way to go, reflektor, sprawl II, neon bible. My personal fave is blabla. That said, art here is very much de sign. All of the computer graphics classes here will teach you technical skills how to build things, not what or why. I feel like I have not used my idea-making muscles for coursework in a long time. If you want to be an animator/concept artist/graphic designer/industrial designer go for it as much as you can. Take it from me, someone who didn’t.) Post Tagged #Course 21L - Literature #Course 21W - Writing #Course 6-3 - Computer Science #The Borderline at MIT

My winter break so far

My winter break so far I flew back home on the eighteenth with hopes of having a productive break. I made plans to paint, work out, write, study, and a whole other slew of things. Unfortunately, my break didnt exactly go according to plan. On December 20th, I went to Raymonds birthday party with Emma. Five of the eight people in crabmeats are from southern California so we made sure we would see each other over break. On the 23rd I met up with a couple of good friends from high school Ethan, Harsheta, and Xerxes. We chatted and caught up, telling each other about our shenanigans at our respective colleges. For the 24th and 25th, I spent time at the house. I saw my cousin, a senior at USC, and we caught up. She said shed be visiting Boston later in January and would love to meet up with me. I told her about my internship worries and woes, boy troubles, and so on. As someone who grew up without siblings, my cousins were the closest things I had to a brother and a sister. It was really nice to be able to just sit down and talk about my college experience to someone who had been through it already. On the 26th, I drove into LA for the first time! I had  been before, but Id never drove there myself. I drove to Santa Monica to see Emma and we spent the day together at the Promenade. She showed me all her old hangout spots she frequented throughout high school. Later, we met up with Raymond and some of his friends from back home for sushi. Worst mistake of my life. We had 50+ orders of sushi, which is roughly about 400+ pieces of sushi split among 5 people. I never want to see another piece of sushi again in my life. For the days since then, Ive been in a bit of a rut. Ive been freaking out a lot about internships. Being a comparative media studies and computer science major withno computer science experience? has been a little bit disheartening, to say the very least. I look around at my friends like Aiden and Raymond who already have a lot of accomplishments under their belt, whether that be from their past robotics competitions or their own CS projects. But when I look at the things Ive done, its a bit of an empty canvas. Theyre not wrong I do work three jobs. But they have little to no relevance to the fields I want to enter. In the past couple of days, Ive looked for more media based internships, since thats a field I have some (see: very little) experience in. Ive also been continuing my major crisis, realizing I want to find some way to combine my interest in media, computer science, biology, chemistry, finance, and design into one cohesive degree but most likely cant. The past couple of days have been a series of whispering quiet pleas to my empty room, begging for some magical being up above to give me an internship that Ill love and enjoy, staring at the FireRoad app as I try and fit all of my interests into a schedule with dying, and searching endlessly for an ounce of motivation to do the things I actually need to do. I thought writing this blogpost would be a good start, since I dont want to break my streak of at least a blogpost a week. [Speaking of blogging, I really wanted to thank anyone whos made it this far in the post and to the people who consistently read every single one of my blogposts. I remember at an EC party I went to, these two girls from BC walked up to me and hysterically told me that they read my blogs and it was one of the most memorable and craziest moments of my life. I am extremely touched by anyone who takes the time to read these posts, especially since I use this platform as a journal of sorts to keep track of my time here at MIT. I do receive every e-mail you send me, and if I dont reply, Im sorry! Sometimes I forget to reply. But I do read them. I even have a couple of the really sweet messages saved. My friends are also really thankful, too. Sometimes the blogs go a bit to their heads. They like being mentioned and like trying to squeeze their way in. Ive told them they can write guestposts but theyre too lazy to write. Anyway, detour ending now.] After this Im hopefully going to get some of these things done: finish writing my article for  The Tech craft some New Years Resolutions and prep my bullet journal for 2020 and January write a blog about these resolutions and take some bullet journal pics go through the 6.0001 (Intro to Python) lectures to prepare myself for 6.145 (IAPs version of 6.0001) get my UROP training done I got a UROP at MITs Education Arcade! Funnily enough, its the same UROP Mimi and Rona worked on. I tweeted about this earlier this week. Its really strange how the world works. I remember the exact moment I read this blogpost by Mimi, ignoring my AP Lit teacher to watch Mimis experiment in Unity. So crazy that Im working for the exact same people now. But, anyway, for the UROP I have to complete training for Social and Behavioral research. I was planning to kill two birds with one stone and try and take notes in LaTeX because my friends have been getting on my case for not knowing how to use it. Im hoping my internship woes quiet soon. They flare up every so often, but Im usually able to ease them by talking to crabmeats. But, since crabmeats arent here right now, its been a bit harder to get rid of my insecurities. I also have the Miss Massachusetts Teen Pageant01 Im a contestant in the pageant! I joined it on sort of a whim because I wanted just a fun experience and Im kind of excited. coming up on January 11 and 12 so Ive been prepping for that! I bought my dress and am planning to go on a huge shopping spree on Newbury when I get back. Ive been balancing all these worries, from internships to pageant preparation to teaching myself Python, without actually doing anything and its been kind of exhausting. Ive been in a strange state of perpetual stress, despite being on winter vacation. But then my friend sent me a tweet from none other than the ever iconic Eugene Lee Yang02 One of my idols. I wrote multiple essays about him when I was told to write about a role model. Hes a member of the YouTube group The Try Guys. Hes one of the reasons I found the courage to pursue media studies in college. Seeing his art fills my heart with so much joy and inspiration. I love him a lot. : Yesterday, I slept at 4:30AM and rolled out of bed at 5:30PM. I felt like shit about myself, feeling like I wasted yet another day being unproductive and useless. But reading this tweet honestly made me feel so much better. I realize Ive been doing nothing wrong this entire break, because there is no wrong way to spend your break. A break is a break for a  reason. And if youre looking for some sign telling you to drop your worries and your stresses because its vacation, here is that sign! Happy break yall. Spend it wisely, and  take a break!!! Post Tagged #ive been wanting to do a creative artsy post but unsure how to approach it #sorry my posts have been kind of lackluster lately I'm a contestant in the pageant! I joined it on sort of a whim because I wanted just a fun experience and I'm kind of excited. back to text ? One of my idols. I wrote multiple essays about him when I was told to write about a role model. He's a member of the YouTube group The Try Guys. He's one of the reasons I found the courage to pursue media studies in college. Seeing his art fills my heart with so much joy and inspiration. I love him a lot. back to text ?

Time magazine - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 34 Words: 10341 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The aim of my dissertation is to apply the theories of para-social interaction and celebrity and race, to four issues of Time magazine featuring Barack Obama, whilst analysing how the representation of Obama develops and changes over time. I have chosen Time magazine as the basis of my study as it is so widely read and respected in America and is regarded as politically neutral. The issues studied were carefully chosen from key dates surrounding his campaign and concentrated on Obama, featuring him as the main cover story. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Time magazine" essay for you Create order The first issue studied (appendix 2) was published on 23rd October 2006, and acts as an introduction to Obama as a US Senator at the time of release of his book The Audacity of Hope. This issue was prior to Obamas declaration of his intention to run in the 2008 US presidential primaries, providing a relevant insight into his image and how he was presented at that time. They key article within this issue analysed was written by Joe Klein and is titled The Fresh Face. Issue two (appendix 3) was published on 10th December, 2007, exactly ten months after Obama announced his candidacy for the 2008 US presidential primaries. This issue looks at Obama as The Contender and examines his ability to transcend race as well as his appeal as a celebrity . With a careful examination of his strengths and weaknesses it appears to portray a fair and neutral representation of Obama. The two key articles studied within this issue are Barack Obama: The Contender written by Karen Tumultry, and The Identity Card (author undisclosed.) Issue three (appendix 4), dated 20th October 2008, was written shortly after Obama defeated Hilary Clinton to gain the Democratic Party nomination. This issue features the controversial front cover of Obamas face divided in two, implying that he has a black and a white side. The key argument was that the economy was considered more important than the issue of race. Within this issue the three main articles analysed are For White Working Class, Obama Rises on Empty Wallets by David Von Drehle, For Blacks, a Quiet Question: What if Obama Loses? By Ta-Nehishi Coates, and Is Barack Obama American Enough? by Peter Beinart. The final issue studied (appendix 5), issue four, was published on 17th November 2008, shortly after Obama had successfully won the presidential primaries and had become president-elect. It focuses on Obamas achievements as well as the prospects for his future, and that of America. Within this issue the two articles analysed are How Obama Rewrote the Book by Nancy Gibbs, and Will a Black President Really Heal the Racial Divide? by T.D. Jakes. The studies conducted are presented in a tripartite structure. The first chapter is an analysis of key theoretical resources relating to para-social interaction and celebrity and mixed race. These were chosen because it has been suggested throughout Obamas campaign that he was favoured by the media and was more celebrity than politician. Para-social interaction is interaction not with other people but interaction with the messages provided by radio, television, newspapers (Trent et al, 2007. p.47). This form of interaction with the messages formed in the media is argued to be highly influential. The theory of celebrity and mixed race looks at the key perceptions and ideologies surrounding mixed-race celebrities in a popular culture context. This section aims to provide information into the representations of mixed-culture celebrities in the media. Chapter two focuses on key theorists opinions of Obama and his campaign. This section is broken into subcategories studying Obamas background, as well how he was represented in the media , his biracial heritage, and the argument whether or not he is really forwarding Change in America. The final chapter of this tripartite approach is the analysis of the four issues of Time magazine, applying the theory of para-social interaction and celebrity and race, together with the considerations of key theorists on Obama, and considering the potential impact upon his campaign to become President. Chapter One: Key Theoretical Resources 1.1. Para-social interaction The theory of para-social interaction was first introduced by Horton and Wohl in 1956 at a time when access to media was becoming increasingly available and accessible to the masses. One of the striking characteristics of the new mass media- radio, television, and the movies is that they give the illusion of face-to-face relationship with the performer (Horton et al, 1956. p. 215). This illusive contact between spectator and performer is described by Horton and Wohl (1956) as a para-social relationship. The bridge between performer and spectator is crossed using a variety of methods. Often, the performer will be seen interacting with others but often he faces the spectator, uses the mode of direct address, talks as if he were conversing personally and privately (Horton et al, 1956. p.215). This method of performance is intended to subtly give the spectator a feeling of direct involvement in what is occurring on screen and that the comments made are being directed towards him persona lly. This sense of being physically involved with the performer leads to the spectator subliminally observing and participating as if they are involved in the on screen relationships and action. Often, the performer will get feedback on the reaction of the audience; therefore, will adapt his performance to suit the anticipated response. This simulacrum of conversational give and take may be called para-social interaction (Horton et al, 1956. p.215). Rojek (2006, p.390) explains that the term para-social interaction is used to refer to relations of intimacy constructed through the mass-media rather than direct experience and face-to-face meetings. This is a form of second-order intimacy, since it derives from representations of the person rather than actual physical contact. In order to attain this level of intimacy the spectator must be able to believe that the celebrities are not so distant from those in their social circles (Lai, 2006. p.227). To achieve this, a range of relaxed and intimate images whereby they appear to be just hanging out in unremarkable settings, goofing around, or in a moment of tired reflection (Lai, 2006. p.227) are often used to ensure that the celebrity remains in the realm of the real world in which his listeners and viewers live. Horton and Wohl (1956, p.216) take particular interest in a new generation of performer; such as interviewers, critics, and quiz hosts, whose sole purpose is to para-socially interact with their audience. They argue that media formats such as television and radio have created a generation of personalities whose existence is a function of the media itself. They refer to these performers as personae. A persona is a particular social role or a character that is performed. Horton and Wohl (1956, p.216) explain that the spectacular fact about such personae is that they can claim and achieve an intimacy with what are literally crowds of strangers, and this intimacy, even if it is an imitation and a shadow of what is ordinarily meant by that word, is extremely influential with, and satisfying for, the great numbers who willingly receive it and share in it. Giles (2003, p.190) believes that there should be some concordance between the way we experience our relationships with real others and the way we experience our attachments to celebrities and fictional characters. Concordance exists because the spectator displays interaction with the personae in the same way they would with their peers, through observation of the personaes non verbal communication, paralinguistic features, and their attitudes and values. The object of the persona is for the audience member to perceive him in a mann er parallel to their interpersonal friends- as natural, down-to-earth, attractive people holding similar attitudes and values (Rubin, 2008. p.177). An important part of deepening para-social interaction is that the relationship between persona and spectator is continuing. Giles (2003, p.192) believes the the strongest relationships are those built up over time with individuals appearing in a variety of media and possibly a variety of guises. Therefore, the persona needs to appear on a regular occasion, and possibly in a variety of media, to ensure that the spectator can live with him and share the small episodes of his public life and to some extent even of his private life away from the show (Horton et al, 1985. p.216). Rojek (2006, p. 390) believes that the tensions of physical and social distance of the celebrity is compensated for by the glut of mass-media information including fanzines, press stories, TV documentaries, interviews, newsletters and biographies, which personalize the celebrity, turning a distant from a stranger into a significant other. Like a real social relationship, the acquisition of experiences with the persona adds extra depth and meaning to performances in the present and future. If the persona successfully para-socially interacts with the spectator, the spectator may become a fan, or devotee. In time the devotee comes to believe that he knows the persona more intimately and profoundly than others do; he understands his character and appreciates his values and motives (Horton et al, 1985. p.216.) He will perceive him almost as a friend and be influenced by him. It has been argued that audiences seek guidance from a media persona, seeing media personalities as friends, imagining being part of a favourite programs social world (Rubin et al, 1985. p.156-157). This shows the importance that the celebrity develops a reputable persona, as para-social interaction can be highly influential. The notion that para-social interaction is fundamental in engendering and reproducing celebrity culture is well established (Rojek, 2006. p.397). This is especially true in advanced capitalist societies. This is because citizens often communicate at a distance electronically; therefore, celebrities can take advantage of this void to cultivate a loyal fan base, an enduring audience for their projects and products (Lai, 2006. p.227). This makes para-social interaction easier between the performer and the spectator, as the spectator can provide feedback through media such as websites and forums. This leads to an increased intimacy. The role of developing an illusio n of intimacy is always on the shoulders of the persona. However, if the persona is successful in creating a para-social bond of intimacy, then the audience is expected to contribute to the illusion by believing in it, and by rewarding the personas sincerity with loyalty. The audience is entreated to assume a sense of personal obligation to the performer, to help him in his struggle for success if he is on the way up, or to maintain his success if he has already won it (Horton et al, 1985. p.220). 1.2. Celebrity and Mixed-Race In the modern era there are increasing numbers of celebrities of a variety of races appearing in popular culture. Celebrities play a key role in challenging stereotypes and representations because Stars are, like characters in stories, representations of people. Thus they relate to ideas about what people are (or are supposed to be) like (Dyer, 1979. p.22.) In the U.S. mixed-race celebrities are appearing more often in popular culture, therefore, potentially indicating that attitudes towards ethnic minorities are changing within a white majority. Dagbovie (2007, p. 217) believes that there is a simultaneous acceptance and rejection of blackness within a biracial discourse in American popular culture. What she means by this is that biracial celebrities normally have an aspect of their multi-cultural background that prevails over others. As an example, Dagbovie (2007, p.217) discusses how Tiger Woods is perceived as more black than Asian. She believes that Woods cannot escape blackness, and yet he also represents a multicultural posterboy, one whose blackness pales next to his much-celebrated multi-otherness. Woods, like many other mixed-race celebrities, is a race transcendent . Such mixed-race celebrities are no longer seen as minorities, rather as a different kind of white person (Hall, 2002. p.A2). This point leads to the interesting inclination within popular culture to define blackness. In contemporary popular culture, advertisers and media attempt to define blackness. For mixed-race celebrities this means blackness is deemed acceptable only when it upholds stereotypical white preconceptions and desires (Dagbovie, 2007. p.218). Preconceptions of blackness are more often than not negative in the mind of a white person. This is because of the history of white supremacy that is subconsciously embraced in the US. However, it has been argued that mixed-raced individuals are used to explore, praise, or condemn the racial unknown (Dagbovie, 2007. p.218). In the modern day, western countries are becoming more and more multi-cultural with the increase in numbers of immigrants. Mixed-race celebrities have forwarded a modish identity that white Americans seek, desire, and fetishize (Dagobvie, 2007. p.218). However, many white Americans still have negative preconceptions of what it means to be black. Ellis Cashmore (2006, p.138) argues that in our current culture, celebrities have rendered whiteness plastic, melting, stretching, and shaping it in a way that accommodates new meaning. He believes that this new breed of white person makes the racial hierarchy invisible or at least opaque (Cashmore, 2006. p.138). It still exists; it is just harder to see. Dagbovie (2007, p.219) argues that some mixed-race celebrities are read as black, even when they distance themselves from blackness. Conversely, mixed-race celebrities who claim a black heritage often get labelled as multiracial, not black. This indicates that the white public struggle to determine whether they are comfortable or uncomfortable with mixed-race celebrities. The mixed-heritage of mixed-race celebrities is often used by them to try and appeal to a wider range of people. Often, mixed-race celebrities self-identify themselves as black. One of the possible reasons for this is that there are associations between blackness and style (Cashmore, 2006. p.117). Therefore, this gives the celebrity the opportunity to use their ethnicity to sell themselves, and their merchandise, to an audience. Other celebrities are also increasingly likely to foreground their mixed ethnic background as an element in their publicity today, a sign that biraciality and multiraciality are taking on ne w meanings (Beltran et al, 2008. p.2). Beltran and Fojas (2008, p.11) believe that it is clear that mixed race imagery has been an enduring and powerful trope of U.S. culture, deployed to convey popular conceptions about national identity, social norms, and political entitlement. This form of imagery conveys the idea that the American dream is real and attainable. It gives the message that anyone can achieve their dream if they try hard enough and that coming from an ethnic background was no longer an impediment to progress (Cashmore, 2006. p.122). However, it has been argued that the multiracial craze only superficially embraces the dark other (Dagbovie, 2007. p.232). This is backed up by Cashmores (2006, p.139) argument that the conspicuous success of a few celebs from ethnic minorities may not convince everyone that racism has disappeared or that the inequality we see all around is just a vestige, a remnant of a bygone age. Dagbovie (2007, p.232) titles this theory new faces, old masks. She explains how the media use new celebrity faces to promote biracialism. She explains how mixed-race celebrities represent the multiracial neutral in that their images sell the idea of racial pluralism and freedom, and yet their images remain other, available for audiences and consumers of all racial backgrounds to claim or own (Dagbovie, 2007. p.232). Therefore, these celebrities arent challenging race issues as they are a blank canvas for the audience to create an illusionary image that they believe represents an end of discrimination and inequality. This suggests that celebrities are a mask for the inequality that still exists within America. Although it is widely celebrated that America is heading towards a multi-racial future, old masks lurk alongside interpretations of what new faces represent, namely racial stereotypes (Dagbovie, 2007. p.232). Chapter Two: Key Theorists Understandings of Obama and Race 2.1. Just who is Obama? Barack Obama was elected President of the United States on 4th November 2008. He was celebrated as the first black American President; however, he is not only the first black American President; just as notably, he is the first biracial American President (Smith, 2009. p.129). Barack Obama was unique compared to other black candidates, such as Jesse Jackson, who have sought election in the past. Obamas mother was a white American, whereas, his father was a Kenyan immigrant. Initially it was thought that this heritage would cause a negative effect on Obamas campaign for two reasons. Firstly, the fact remains that the United States is an imperialistic, racist, sexist, capitalist power that is intent on maintaining its white, global dominance (Harlow, 2009. p.164). It was believed that white Americans would not vote for a black, or mixed-race, candidate . The second negative factor was Obamas black ancestry is immigrant rather than U.S. born (Hollinger, 2008. p.1034). As Obamas family did not experience the horrors of Americas slave history, it was felt that he would not be able to empathise and connect with African Americans. However, Hollinger (2008, p.1037) believed that the fact Obama is the son of an immigrant may prove to be almost as important as the fact that he is the son of a black man and a white mother. This is because Obama made a strategic move towards racelessness and adopted a post-racial persona and political stance. (Silva et al, 2009. p.178). This stance created an image of a future free of racism and inequality. Silva and Ray (2009, p.179) discuss that as part of his post-racial approach and appeal, Obama avoided the term racism in his campaign. This approach was to avoid creating white guilt, and to convey the message that race wasnt the definitive factor in his candidacy. However, although Obama rarely mentioned racism, he would frequently cite his biracial heritage (Wellington, 2008. p.27), suggesting that he was concerned that race may impact upon his candidacy, therefore, reminding people that he is a mixture of backgrounds. It is argued that Obama is a key transitional between the racially divided generation of the Baby Boomers and the future generations that will see the decline of a white majority in the Uni ted States through immigration (Smith, 2009. p.133). 2.2. Issues of Obamas Biraciality A key debate throughout Obamas run to presidency was, Is Barack Obama Black Enough? Being very reliant on the vote of black Americans there was concern whether he would connect with them. Initially he was dismissed as too black to be supported by whites, and not black enough to be supported by blacks (Mitchell, 2009. p.127). His mixed heritage made it difficult to physically determine whether he could be described as black. This dilemma proves extremely interesting, as historically, one could never be half white or even 15/16ths white. If one had any African American ancestry at all, one was simply black (Smith, 2009. p.129). Unlike the majority of mixed-race public s Obama has maintained his white half in the media framing of his person and life (Smith, 2009. p.129). Working hard to maintain his white half, gives the impression that he didnt want to be determined as black because of the negative preconceptions that white Americans have of black people; For decades, the white imagin ation has been colonized with images of Black masculinity that have circulated as stereotypes: the Black man is depicted as hypersexual, violent, ignorant and brutish (Walsh, 2009. p.127). Throughout his campaign he was always cautious to distance himself from anything or anyone who makes him too black or too political (Bonilla-Silva et al, 2009. p.178). Although Obama distanced himself from anything that depicted him as too black, he still maintained awareness of his biracial heritage. Hollinger (2008, p.1037) argued that we can expect that circumstances will push Obama back and forth between images of more black than we thought and not as black as we thought. This method of portraying an ambiguous identity meant that he could be perceived in whatever image the audience deemed fit. Mitchell (2009, p.126) describes Obama as a mirror for an international community of frustrated desire for peace, hope and change. He sees Barack Obama as a blank canvas for all the people of America to perceive him in whatever means suited them best. 2.3. Media representations Obamas success at effectively transcending race and gaining popularity in America has been widely agreed to be largely down to the medias portrayal of him. It was argued by Senator John McCain that Obama was favoured by the media and that he was more of a celebrity than a politician. Castells (2009, p.397) believes there is no conspiracy behind the obvious focus on Obama during the early stages of the primary campaign. It was a sound business decision, coupled with the professional interests of reporters and political commentators. Obama was an interesting who gained a lot of media attention due to his uniqueness as a black candidate who was unlike any other black candidate that preceded him. Mitchell (2009, p.125) described Obama as not just the first Black president; he is the first wired president. Obama clearly understood the importance of the media during his campaign, and used as many resources as possible to his advantage so that his face was impossible to ignore. Cashmore (20 09, p.203) believes that Obama seemed born to the lens, whether on a TV camera or a cellphone. By turns, a charmer, a friend, a saviour, a ferocious panther and a cuddlesome pussycat, Obama was morphed into all these and many more personae by a blisteringly fast media that delivered him in all his guises. Therefore, the representations of Obama that Americans were seeing in a range of mediums, day in day out, were almost always positive. Hollinger (2008, p.1034) describes how press accounts of Obamas life, as well as Obamas own autobiographical writings, render Obamas whiteness hard to miss. This is because of the worry that Obama would suffer the Bradley Effect, which is a voting paradox that would compel voters under cover of secrecy to choose a candidate based on racial identification instead of issue identification and professional qualifications (Lashley, 2009. p.366). This term was named after the African-American Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley in 1982 after he lost the Califor nian governors race, although he was shown to be ahead in voting polls prior to the elections. The mainstream media constantly reminded audiences of Obamas biracial roots to give the impression that he was unlike other black people. Cashmore (2009, p.202) argues that the representations of Obama in the media created visions of a promised deliverer, a saviour, a leader who will excite not just change but transformation to a golden age of peace, justice and prosperity. Cashmore (2009, p.202) describes these images as not just representations, but perpetual evocations inducing in the conscious mind a mental image of what the future will or could be like. This inevitably benefited Obamas campaign as it conveyed the image of a prosperous future. However, it has been argued that during the 2008 presidential primaries, mainstream media, in seeking to comfort its dominant white audience, engages in colorblind tactics designed to soothe those who benefit from the status quo while simultaneously trying to appear sensitive and objective to the growing audience of those who are cognizant of the racial hierarchy and unequal access to power, prestige, privilege and property (Walsh, 2009. p.122) suggesting that the media portrayed a false image of a post-racial future. It is also believed that Obamas high profile media attention meant he was elevated to the stratospheric heights of celebritydom, from where the impact of racism was barely felt, if at all (Cashmore, 2009. p.204). This is argued to have negatively affected the prospects for Obamas future at developing race relations in the US as it meant he was detached from the realities of racism, therefore, struggling to empathise with African-Americans. 2.4. Change we can believe in? It has been argued that Obamas election victory symbolizes potent possibilities for improving race relations and minority representation (Lashley, 2009. p.372). It is widely believed that we are being led to a post-racial future now that there is a black man in the most powerful position in the world. Obamas election is a sign of progress as it demonstrated that American voters could abandon the polarizing politics of cognitive dissonance grounded in cultural difference, particularly race (Lashley, 2009. p.375). Obama has produced much pride among black people, relieved white guilt, and confirmed that the US is a diverse equal country; He is the American Dream fulfilled he is proof (especially for many whites, whether they vote for him or not) of the fulfilment of the promise of freedom and justice for all (Harlow, 2009. p.166). However, it is strongly contested that he provides the illusion of racial resolution and equal opportunity where there is none. In his effort to gain white support and win the presidency he has, in effect, chosen to reinforce the myth of the American Dream (Harlow, 2009. p.166). Bonilla-Silva and Ray (2009, p.178) believe that none of Obamas policies are truly radical and likely to accomplish the slogan he has adopted the core of his campaign: change. Critics of Obama recognised his talents as an intelligent, accomplished democrat, with the ability to lead and gain support from Americans who wouldnt normally be interested in the presidential campaign. However, they believe that symbolic diversity without progressive social movement politics gives us white supremacy in blackface (Bonilla-Silva et al, 2009. p.178). They are criticising the fact that Obama is being celebrated as the first black president, and a symbol of change, when in fact he is a black face with white values, heading a dominantly white party. Bonilla-Silva and Ray (2009, p.177) believe that this forms a new racism the post civil rights system of subtle, institutionali zed, and apparently non-racial practices that maintain white supremacy and its accompanying dominant racial ideology of color-blind racism. This new racism is a way of covering the underlying issues within America by using Obama as a symbol that they no longer exist. This means that Obama could actually prove to be an obstacle to progressing race relations. The acceptance of Obamas biracial heritage among voters has led to the belief that all Americans are now equal. However, in Obamerica, whites will still be more American than others (Bonilla-Silva et al, 2009. p.181). Chapter Three: Analysis and Comparison of four Time issues 3.1. Just who is Obama? The four Time issues that I have analysed range from Obamas election to Senate to his election as President. These issues will be referred by date of publication. All four of the issues have similar front covers of close up images of Obamas face. Smith (2009, p.131) says that much media attention has been devoted to Obamas face. Magazine covers of the Democratic candidate, President-elect, and President have often focused closely on his visage. The front cover of the 23rd October 2006 issue focuses on Obamas face, untouched and unaltered. Obama displays a quiet, yet reassured smile, portraying a message that he is a confident but modest person. Time has not edited out his blemishes and he is seen to be looking straight out of the cover, directly into the readers eyes giving a sense of connection with Obama, and his visible blemishes convey that he has neither need nor desire to conceal his visible flaws. He is as human as the readers. The 10th December 2007 issue is the only one out of the four that does not focus purely on Obamas face. It shows him on a plain background with his arms crossed in a powerful stance looking out, slightly offset of the camera. His eyes looking beyond the camera can be seen as a deliberate technique to make it seem he is looking forward to the future. The 17th November 2008 cover is of particular note and interest as even in victory, Obama is still portrayed as modest and unassuming. Once again the focus is purely on his face, and he is quietly smiling. The 23rd October 2006 article The Fresh Face acts as an introduction to Obama. It describes in detail a meeting with the public at a college gymnasium in his home State. Obamas speaking style is quietly conversational, low in rhetoric-saturated fat; there is no harrumph to him. This portrays that he is talking to the audience as his friends, not at them as a politician. This is reinforced when he realizes he has been filibustering and apologizes to the crowd for making a speech. No one seems to care, since Obama is doing something pretty rare in latter-day America politics: he is respecting their intelligence. Drake and Higgins (2006, p.89) describe that just as with actors, skilled politicians vary their performance according to the demands placed upon them by different media genres, and so assessment of their performances will also vary according to the context in which they appear. In this situation, Obama has understood the relatively informal context of his appearance, therefore , adapted his self accordingly. Through the medium of the magazine, a form of para-social interaction is confirmed as Obama is adapting his performance for his audience. It is crucial to Obama that those persons present listen to him, perceive him as their equal and not superior as it develops a greater connection and understanding between them and that their importance to him. When questioned whether he is considering running for president, Obama replies I will think about how I can be most useful to the country and how I can reconcile that with being a good dad and a good husband. This comment gives Obama a human face which the reader will be impressed by. It depicts him favourably as it shows that he is patriotic and is motivated by what is most important to most American families, family values. The article says that His parentage was the first thing he chose to tell us about himself when he delivered his knockout keynote speech at the Democratic National Convention in 2004, and gives an overview of his upbringing. Key to this is Obamas quote that he believes his inability to fit neatly into any group or category explains his relentless efforts to understand and reconcile opposing views. All of these details separate him from the archetypal politician. His mixed-race and varied upbringing separate him from the norm. He conveys the message of the American Dream, that anything is achievable whatever your background. Cashmore (2009, p.204) believes that Obamas desire to explain his back-story means that we are familiar with his family, his pets, his personal habits. We know him. This in turn, should benefit him as the public feel they know him, and judge that he likes them, therefore, developing para-social interaction. The 10th December 2007 issue focuses on Obamas strengths and weaknesses and seems to be more balanced and neutral than the 23rd October 2006 issue. The article Barack Obama: The Contender follows him in the last few weeks of the race for Democratic nomination. The sporting images will resonate with many readers. The article begins with the tone that Obamas campaign needs to punch harder. It describes how some of his speeches were underwhelming and Like a concert audience that wants to hear only the greatest hits, they didnt know what to make of Obamas unfamiliar material as he honed his message and started spelling out policies. Lashley (2009, p.364) describes how the New York Mayor claimed that Voters dont vote on issues, they vote on personality. This suggests that Obamas popularity was based more on the symbolism that he created rather than his actual policies. The article explores the main perceived weakness within his campaign, his inexperience. However, Obama counteracts this a rgument by saying that experience is not the same thing as judgement showing how he understands that he will be judged as inexperienced, therefore, uses his personality to disrupt this weakness and to deflect attention away from it. Obamas work to para-socially interact with his audience means that they are developing trust in him, and therefore, trust his judgement. This is backed up in the article with the claim that growing numbers of voters are rating the need for new direction and new ideas as more important than strength and experience. Therefore, Obamas image as a new breed of politician seemed to be outweighing his highlighted weaknesses. The issue also includes a QA section with Obama. One of the most interesting statements made by Obama is One of the things I think I can bring to the presidency is to make government and public service cool again. Street (2006, p.368) argues that the reasons politicians want these associations derives from the general culture value placed on cool, and the notion of authenticity associated with it. Cool represents being in charge and in touch. Obama realised the importance in portraying himself as cool to involve younger generations and to be viewed as the future of politics, and he also recognised that his image was such that his claim to be cool would not be contested. The 20th October 2008 issue differs from the 23rd October 2006 and 10th December 2007 issues in that its main focus is on the opinions of the American people. There is evidence that Obamas attempts to connect with them have been successful; one female white American working class citizen said Obama seems to care more about people like me. Hes more for the people. It is argued that the economic downturn is benefiting Obamas campaign as he is undeniably new. Obama surprised many people by alluding sympathetically to white workers who, damaged by economic turndowns, tended to black affirmative action for their problems (Hollinger, 2008. p.1037). Therefore, Obamas ability to connect with people has gained him trust as demonstrated by a hairdressers comment that The economy is terrible, and he is more for the working man. Radhakrishnan (2009, p.152) says that Obama is human, American, President, problem solver, politician, Democrat, friend of the auto industry, the bringer of accountabili ty to Wall Street, provider of jobs and health insurance to all, partisan of Main Street America, ally of the have-nots, promoter of the haves, family man, affectionate husband, charming dad, passionate basketball fan and player. His appeal is diverse and wide ranging to Americans of all races and backgrounds and has meant that he can be perceived as the public wish to perceive him. He has created a para-social bond with the working man and made himself the candidate of choice. However, besides the positivity in this issue towards Obama, by way of balance, some of the concerns of the public are voiced. Similarly to the 10th December 2007 issue, the matter of inexperience is raised. Cheryl Collier says I like him, but he has so little experience and that hes a gifted orator, and you think, If only he could show where he has accomplished these things he talks about. This indicates that there could be concern within American people that he is more style than substance. Two further concerns raised were Was he a Muslim? and that A President of the United States should not be named Obama. The auditory image of Barack Hussein Obama is ironically associated with two of Americas greatest enemies, Saddam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden, therefore, providing links to radical Muslims, and troubling the confidence of Americans who, post 9/11, it seemed, changed focus, singling out anyone who faintly resembled a Muslim (Cashmore, 2006. p.118). This indicates that Obama, alth ough a post-racial , still had problems with the symbolism of his name and skin colour. The 17th November 2008 issue focuses the least on Obamas identity, as by now assumption is everyone knows him. It examines his victory but still links with the other three issues discussed. In the article How Obama Rewrote the Book he is quoted as saying Im not the one making history, you are. This repeats how that throughout his campaign he has relied on his connection with his supporters to achieve his dream of Presidency. Many of the supporters have been with Obama from start to finish, or joined in on his journey, and developed a para-social relationship with him throughout their period of support. Once again, referring to Obamas background and heritage, the article says America decided to place its fate in the hands of a man who had been born to an idealistic white teenage mother and the charismatic African grad student who abandoned them a man who grew up without money, talked his way into good schools, worked his way up through the pitiless world of Chicago politics to the U. S Senate and now the White House in a stunningly short period. This statement, similarly to the 23rd October 2006 issue, conveys the message of the American Dream. This issue also confirms that his inexperience was not in reality a significant issue as when voters were asked only 1 in 5 cited experience as the highest priority. More than a third cared most about who could bring about change. Therefore, Obamas message of a united, post-racial America was judged the most appealing aspect of his campaign. 3.2. Issues of Obamas Biraciality The 23rd October 2006 issue makes little reference to Obamas race besides his biracial heritage. It claims that his popularity is made clear when he steps off the podium and is greeted by supporters of all ages, races and genders suggesting unification. The African Americans tend to be fairly reserved- quiet pride, knowing nods and be-careful-now looks. The white people, by contrast, are out of control. Esposito and Finley (2009, p.169) believe that for quite some time, African Americans have known that success and integration in mainstream US society is typically predicated on embracing what is sometimes referred to as acceptable Blackness. Acceptable Blackness is Blackness that does not threaten Whites or makes them feel uncomfortable. Obama throughout his campaign strived not to mention the horrors of the history of black people in America, as white guilt can lead to defensiveness (McKinney, 2005. p.199). This is reinforced in the article where Shelby Steele is quoted as saying He s got to keep on pleasing white folks without offending black folks, and vice versa. The article also states that Obama is similar to celebrities such as Tiger Woods, Michael Jordan and Oprah Winfrey who seem to have an iconic power over the American imagination because they transcend racial stereotypes. The image of Obama as a star means that he can transcend race, however, it could also mean that he is projected above the affects of racism, and therefore could in time lose the ability to connect effectively with black Americans. The 10th December 2007 article, The Identity Card, focuses on the problems with Obamas post-racial approach to race. The author describes that the first thing that he ever heard about Obama was his mixed race heritage. He explains that this was the way we Americans had to introduce Obama to each other. For some reason, knowledge of his racial pedigree had to precede even the mention of his politics. Blaine (2007, p.83) explains that Whites stereotypes of African-American people are generally negative, dominated by beliefs of laziness and low intelligence, suggesting that Americans had to justify that Obama was different to the stereotypical African-American, and thus that it was acceptable to support him. The article also argues that Obamas interracial background puts him at cross purposes. It gives him a racelessness that is politically appealing to whites, but it also draws him toward precisely the kind of self-conscious black identity that alienates whites. This correlates with th e 23rd October 2006 issue which discusses his efforts to transcend race. Interestingly, the article discusses Obamas strategy to avoid playing the race card. Similarly to Dagbovies (2007, p.232) theory of new faces, old masks, it is argued that blacks have two great masks that we wear for advantage in the American mainstream: bargaining and challenging. Bargainers give whites the benefit of the doubt in regards to racism, where as challengers, provide the opposite. Obama is described as a bargainer in the article. This agrees with Esposito and Finleys (2009, p.166) argument that Obama took careful measures to shield himself from possible accusations of playing the so-called race card by insisting on the fundamental greatness and goodness of the United States. This post-racial approach is described in the article as I will not rub Americas history of racism in your face, if you will not hold my race against me. The 20th October 2006 front cover predominantly raises the issue of Obamas biracialism with his face split into a white and black side. Smith (2009, p.131) believes that this complicated combination of image and text seeks to express a post-racial dynamic at play in the election. It juxtaposes Obamas color to a stark black and white binary, suggesting that color Obamas blackness and whiteness may no longer be a black and white issue. The headlines on the page seem to promote positive reasons to choose Obama where prejudice may otherwise exist. They suggest that by choosing to support Obama, you also display that you can put prejudices aside, and are contributing to promoting a post-racial American future. The main article, For White Working Class, Obama Rises on Empty Wallets, focuses on the belief that the economic downturn is trumping issues of race. The article asks how the ultimate swing voters the white working class are looking at this years decision and how the white working class have the potential to make or break Obamas campaign. It is clear from the article that Obama realised that this demographic are motivated primarily by their finances not politics. It is stated that For many Americans, the price of gas remains shorthand for a whole world of economic woes. Thus, Obama ensured that he argued for the lowering of the price of gas, therefore, gaining white support. However, although the article argues that the momentum is in Obamas favour, there are worries of the Bradley effect where voters may say one thing to pollsters and do another in the voting booth. Nevertheless, the article suggests that Obama is succeeding in his effort to get past traditional racial politics. A majority of voters agreed with the notion that Obama isnt white or black; hes a little of both and thus that he is successfully transcending race and suggests a new concept that the moral might be that white and black begin to fade when the color that matters is green arguing in effect that the economic downturn largely helped Obama overcome the issues that follow his biracialism. The 17th November 2008 issue, in contrast to the others, celebrates the unification of the American people in Obamas ability to successfully transcend race. It states that Obama won men, which no Democrat had managed since Bill Clinton. He won 54% of Catholics, 66% of Latinos, 68% of new voters a multicultural, multigenerational movement that shatters the old political ice pack and that the issues around Obamas race were minimal. It was his ability to appeal to the majority that brought change to the US. Similarly to the 20th October 2008 issue, the power of money is discussed. Obamas sheer brute financial force, outspending McCain nearly 2 to 1, guarantees that the way we pay for our politics will never be the same and money and power tend to flow as one. Obama used his finances to push his message and face forward using all aspects of media technology. It is argued that Obama has proved to be a biracial icon who can mobilize blacks and whites alike. Perhaps his mixed parentage ga ve him the multicultural background needed to be culturally bilingual, creating the dialogue that may bridge our divide. I believe that the symbolism of Obamas mixed parentage correlates with Cashmores (2009, p.202) opinion that there is little doubt that image can overwhelm substance. 3.3. Media Representations The portrayal of Obama in the media is argued to have favoured his campaign over McCains. Time magazine is supposedly neutral, however, the clear conclusion is that, deliberately or not, many of the issues favoured Obama. However, Castells (2009, p.397) believes that how much the media actually favoured Obama is arguable. The 23rd October 2006 issue focuses on Obama almost as a celebrity. Rojek (2001, p.189) believes that Celebrity culture is one of the most important mechanisms for mobilizing abstract desire. The front cover displays a story at the top, Clints Take on Heroes. The implied link to Obama is inescapable. The main title of the front cover is Why Barack Obama could be The Next President, with The Next President written in large bold writing and standing out from the page. This sets the tone for the article and is backed up within by the quote; that he will eventually run, and win, is assumed by almost everyone. The article uses vivid descriptions to give the reader a sense of physically attending Obamas speech where nearly a thousand people have gathered in the gymnasium at Rock Valley College. Obama appearing in a low key setting suggests he desires to make the meeting more intimate and accessible to all. Mitchell (2009, p.125) believes the sense of both actual and virtual gathering is what gave Obamas campaign the aura of a social movement being born. This form of media representation gives Obama the opportunity to para-socially interact with the readers of the magazine, therefore, developing their para-social relationship. Obama lopes into the gym with a casual, knees-y stride, portraying the image that he is cool, casual, and not superior to his audience, and reinforced later in the article when he is described casually dressed in t-shirt and jeans. This is so he will be viewed as one of them. A wide proportion of the article is spent on Obamas backstory. It has been suggested that spending more words on backstory then on policy, and using photos that blend personal and political life all suggest a process of celebrification at work (Hendrickson et al, 2007. p.17). That Obama is portrayed as a celebrity is very apparent in this issue detailing his history and achievements to make him stand out as different from the political norm. The 10th December 2007 issue, similarly to the 23rd October 2006 issue, has a story in the top right corner 2.jpgpotentially relevant to Obama. Will Smith, a highly respected black celebrity and media icon is captured in a similar pose. A possible reason behind this could be that the political leader, in terms of function and as a form of political legitimation, is constructed in a manner that resembles other public personalities that have emerged from a variety of cultural activities (Marshall, 1997. p.214). The cover picture of Obama is shot from below, and there is a bright white light behind him making him look almost godly creating perpetual evocations that he is the potential saviour of America. This impression becomes even stronger when compared with the 20th October 2008 issue which states that Obama is The American President we have been waiting for. Rojek (2001, p.198) believes it is an enormous paradox that democracy, the system which claimed more superiority on the basis of extending equality and freedom to all, cannot progress without creating celebrities who stand above the common citizen and achieve veneration and god-like worship. Therefore, although it seems Obama has strived to be seen as equal to his supporters, the media has propelled him to stardom, thus driving a wedge between themselves and their audiences (Rojek, 2001. p.190). Radhakrishnan (2009, p.153) believes the media have built around the Obama image a psychological verisimilitude that does not really have to be backed up by ideological or political coherence. This portrayal in the media is argued to give Obama a transcending image that is adaptable for all. Cashmore (2009, p.203) describes this as an Obama that lives independently of time and space: this is the Obama of our imaginations. In this sense, it is a multifarious entity, adapted by each of us to suit our own purposes. The 20th October 2008 issue discusses the fact that the most famous black man in America isnt dribbling a ball or clutching a microphone. He has no prison record. He has not built a career on four-letter words. This is an important point as it distances Obama from the stereotypes of black people that many white people possess. It discusses how Obama is counteracting the theory that all black news is bad news. In particular, it is mentioned that the sight of the Obama family onstage that first night in Denver was similarly mind-blowing, an image of black families that television so rarely provides. Mitchell (2009, p.125) stated that Obamas huge visibility within the media is partly an effect of his striking identity as an icon of racial difference, and partly the personal beauty of himself and his family. Obamas visual image has been vital in his successful campaign conveying as it does a positive image of the future for many Americans. The 17th November 2008 issue presents on its cover a tightly cropped portrait of President-elect, framed according to the dictates of a monumental respectability. Shot from below, at a two-thirds angle, Obama looks loftily outside the frame, his eyes and forehead shining in the light from above. This is the face of leadership (Smith, 2009. p.131). There is little text on the page, showing that the focus is on this face of the future. The language in much of the article How Obama rewrote the book is lavish in its portrayal of Obamas victory. It begins, Some princes are born in palaces. Some are born in mangers. But few are born in the imagination, out of scraps of history and hope. This is a striking opening as it appears to make comparisons with Jesus. This correlates with the other three issues Time appeared to portray him as a potential saviour. It describes that when the race was called, there was a rush of noise, of horns honking and kids shouting and strangers hugging in the streets. This clearly shows the extent of Obamas ability to para-socially interact with his audience as the reaction to his victory caused much celebration and, at least temporary, unification. Rojek (2007, p.172) argues that celebrities offer peculiarly powerful affirmations of belonging, recognition and meaning in the midst of the lives of their audiences, lives that may otherwise be poignantly experienced as under-performing, anti-cli matic or sub-clinically depressing. Obamas ability to connect with the people of America utilising the media has clearly boosted devotion to his cause. His ability to appear as one of the people, not an isolated politician, signifies that para-social interaction has been effective and successful and that his supporters feel as if they know Obama as a friend and are celebrating his victory with him. 3.4. Change we can believe in? There is argument whether the election of Barack Obama is a physical or symbolic sign of change. The 23rd October 2006 issue is speculative on the point given as it is written before Obama had announced his decision to run for President. However, it does mention the possibility of him being able to bring positive change to America. It has been said that Obama came in to office on the crest of a wave of popular feeling that he helped to create, but that largely pre-dated his candidacy. It is crucial that we not forget how improbable Obamas election was (Mitchell, 2009. p.126). Within this issue, Obama is described as brand new by a supporter suggesting that American people were disenchanted with the way their country was being run, and were looking for someone different. This, along with the 20th October 2008 issues statement, I think Missouri has had enough, supports the argument that Obamas successful campaign was made possible by the upset caused by the Bush presidency. During this period American people saw a war mismanaged, an economic downturn, and the least popular president since polling began. Therefore, Obamas ability to appear as a totally new breed of politician is argued to have presented a feel good scenario that people want to embrace; however, the symbolic representation of racial equality/nation al healing that he provides is simply that symbolic, not real (Harlow, 2009. p.164). The 20th October 2008 issue in particular focuses on this point. It quotes an American citizen to say Whoever gets in, its not going to change. This tends to suggest that although Obama was distinguished as black, his efforts to be race transcendent and appealing to everybody, caused realisation that having a black man as the symbolic head of a white supremacist system makes it no less a white supremacist system (Harlow, 2009. p.172). This insinuates that Obama was a face to maintain white supremacy, whether he realised it or not. Issue three suggests that taxes and the price of gas were the most important factors in the decision of who to support, and not the symbolic feeling of unification. Financial self interest was more important. Although, the majority of this issue seems to suggest that Obama is unlikely to bring significant change, it states that an Obama win would be just a start. Surely the next day we would wake up with the scoreboard still the same. Our life spans would s till be shorter, our prison rolls longer and our net worths lower than the average Americans. But the psychic impact could be enormous. Young blacks, like me, in particular lived with the burden of having dropped the ball that the civil rights generation advanced. This indicates an opinion that although America isnt going to change overnight, his campaign is furthering equality and boosting the belief that the American dream is real. Rojek (2001, p.181) believes that In being the ultimate achieved celebrities of the political sphere, they demonstrate that any individual can aspire to the highest office in the land. Obamas statement reported in the 17th November 2008 issue builds upon that claim; that If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. This powerful message is intended to be inspirational to American citizens and signifies that the ultimate American dream has been achieved. Harlow (2009, p.166) states for many black people all over the world, he generates a sense of pride in and hope for blackness and becomes an unprecedented role model for youth. Obamas message in issue four is that Anyone can grow up to be President. Although his victory seems to be proof of this, it is important that we dont forget the unique ness of Obama and his campaign. His background, as well as his good fortune given the poorly perceived state of America during his campaign, has led to people craving change. It could well be argued he was the right face for change at the right time. This argument is acknowledged within the article, It was precisely because he was an outsider with a thin rsum and few cronies or scars or grudges that he could sell himself as the solution. His ability to connect with supporters at all levels was one of Obamas key strengths in promoting the message of change. The 10th December 2007 article Barack Obama: The Contender discusses Obamas Jefferson-Jackson dinner speech. It is described that the speech hit all the inspirational notes, with its pledge to bring Red America together with Blue America and its invocation of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.s fierce urgency of now. Wellington (2008, p.29) believes that In Obamas speeches, race, or the racial politics of the past, often serves as a kind of metaphor for all ideological conflict. Easing race tensions reminds us we are all Americans and charts a path to a third way. The details of his third way are often left vague, but his tendency is to downplay ideological differences. It has been argued that none of Obamas policies were truly radical; therefore, not physically advancing change. Bonilla-Silva and Ray (2008, p.181) believes If we elect Obama President we will continue on the road toward symbolic unity without enacting the social policies needed to make sure we truly are all Americans. It cant be denied that Obama has caused large social movement, and united the people of America. However, this sense of unification has seemed to have diminished since Obamas victory. The 17th November 2008 issue states We now get to imagine, at least for a while, that the election of Obama has not just turned a page in our politics but also tossed out the whole book so we can start over. This statement seems sceptical whether Obama really will bring change to America; however, it does acknowledge his achievement. This is reinforced later on when it is stated that No one mans appointment will end all racial tension. For change to physically succeed black, white and brown must melt into red, white and blue. This powerful declaration is a call for all Americans to unite, so that Obamas message of change can be achieved. Conclusion It is apparent from my studies that Time magazine helped develop Obamas ability to para-socially interact with the readers. Whether it did so deliberately or not is unclear. The majority of each magazine is taken up with Obama as a person rather than his policies and what he claims he can achieve. This leads to a developed belief of connection with Obamas persona, and that he is not so different from those who support him so loyally. I believe that the issues use carefully chosen quotes from Obama many of which seem to be spoken directly to the reader, as well as cleverly chosen articles such as My Spiritual Journey extracted from Obamas book The Audacity of Hope, in order to present Obama in a positive light. The focus on Obamas personality, strengths and weaknesses outweighs the issues of his policies and racial issues. Dagbovie (2007, p.232) believes In a popular culture context, biraciality works for people who do not really want to confront racial issues when it exploits difference under the guise of celebrating diversity. This suggests that Obamas support was significantly enhanced by his biracial heritage and that he is more of an illusionary rather than a physical symbol of change. The lack of substance to back up Obamas promise of change within the magazines suggests that he did not have many radical policies to physically achieve his promise. Therefore, Obamas ability to appear as a multiracial neutral politician appears to be a tactic to promote his idea of racial equality and sell the idea of a more culturally diverse America. Esposito and Finley (2009, p.164) argue that Obama himself embraced color blind ideology throughout much of his campaign by downplaying the reality of ra cism and emphasizing the viability of American egalitarianism. This downplaying of racism along with Obamas ability to adapt his performance so as to appear as a race transcendent is often described as a definitive affirmation of racial progress in the United States and a sign of a more inclusive future (Esposito et al, 2009. p.164). Although, Time magazine is celebrated as a neutral, impartial medium, I do conclude that the four issues in question seem to portray a pro Obama message. In particular, issue ones representation and introduction of him as a celebrity and a brand new politician sets a foundation built upon in the later issues . With a circulation of 4,145,536 (MRI Fall 2006); it is most read of all four issues. This, I believe, gave Obama an advantage as it focuses positively on his identity and personality, therefore, introducing a para-social relationship which develops in later issues. When race seemed to become a potential setback for Obama in 2008, Time magazine appeared to counteract it with their controversial front cover dividing Obamas face in two, and, although critical of him, contained articles which appeared to argue positively towards him. Ultimately in the fourth issue Time appears to refer to Obama as potentially the saviour of their nation and the man to secure the American Dream. Thi s leads me to believe that the writers of the various articles were also swept along in the tide of enthusiasm for Obama, therefore, may have been influenced themselves via forms of para-social interaction.